Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine (대한예방한의학회지)

Society of Preventive Korean Medicine (대한예방한의학회)
권호 표지

Diversity and its Characteristics of Life Phenomenon

생명현상의 다양성과 특징에 관한 고찰 - 보건의료에 미치는 영향을 중심으로 -

  • Lee, Sun-Dong (Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Sangji University)
  • 이선동 (상지대학교 한의과대학 예방의학교실)
  • Received : 2010.03.12
  • Accepted : 2010.04.12
  • Published : 2010.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This research was intended to delve into the diversity of life phenomenon and its characteristics. First of all, this research gave real examples to compare the differences in men's health, disease, and longevity in order to confirm the existence of diversity of life phenomenon. In addition, it also studied the process and mechanism of manifestation of life phenomenon, as well as the influence and problems of existing studies' results and implications. The results are as follow. 1. Differences in health, diseases, and longevity were very big and diverse in researches on different races, nations, ages, socioeconomic status, positions, and even (monozygotic) twins. 2. The basic foundation of all organisms is DNA, and environmental factors change DNA methylation and the structure of chromatin by constantly influencing DNA. Due to this, the manifestation, control, and phenotype of DNA change, resulting in diversified life phenomenon. Therefore, it is the environmental factors, not DNA, that has more influence on the diversity of life. 3. Looking at available studies, the most reasonable perspective on human requires focusing on the diversity of life phenomenon, holistic thinking, and reversible change instead of irreversible determinism. Considerable differences in life phenomenon between entities require a change in malformed perspective on life. Public health and medicine deals with live human beings, a more precise and accurate perspective on life is very important. Because management methods of health and disease, such as structure and approaches of medical research, prevention and cure, must be different by life perspectives.

Keywords

References

  1. Eckhardt RB, Genetic research and nutrional individuality. J Nutr, 2001. Feb ; 131(2) : 336s-9s
  2. Edward JC, Biochemical individuality : The next generation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 1996. Aug ; 24(1pt2):s58-67 https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1996.0079
  3. Cardno AG, Cottesman, I.I. II. Twin studies of schizophrenia : From bow-andarrow concordances to star wars Mx and functional genomics. Am J Med Genet, 2000 ; 97 : 12-17 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(200021)97:1<12::AID-AJMG3>3.0.CO;2-U
  4. Poulsen P, Kyvik KO, Vaag A, Beck- Nielsen H. Heritability of type II(noninsulin- dependent) diabetes mellitus and abnormal glucose tolerance-a populationbased twin study. Diabetologia, 1999 ; 42 : 139-145 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001250051131
  5. Bertelsen A, Harvald B, Hauge M. A Danish twin sudy of manic-depressive disorders. Br J Psychiatry, 1977 ; 130 : 330-51 https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.130.4.330
  6. Baker SG. Lichtenstein P, Kaprio J. Holm W. Genetic susceptibility to prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer among nordic twins. Biometric, 2005 ; 61(1) : 55-63 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2005.030924.x
  7. Petronis A, Epigenetics and twins ; three variations on the theme. Trends in genes, 2006 ; 22(7) : 347-350 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2006.04.010
  8. Pernille P, Manel E, Allan V, Mario FF, The epigenetic basis of twin discordance in age-related diseases. Pediatric Research, 2007 ; 61(5) : 38R-42R
  9. Bruce RK, Integration of genetic into medical practice. Growth Hormone and IGF Research, 2004 ; 14 : S146-S149
  10. Hardy J, Singleton A, Genomewide Association Studies and Human Disease. NEJM, 2009 ; 360(17) : 1759-68 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0808700
  11. Tom Strachan, Andrew P. Human Molecular Genetics. Wiley-Liss publisher, 3rd edition. 2003.
  12. Lijabeth AA, Fundamental molecular biology. Blackwell publishing Ltd, Oxford 2009.
  13. Waggoner D, Mechanisms of disease : Epigenesis. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 2007 : 7-14
  14. Waterland R, Michels K, Epigenetic epidemiology of the developmental origins hypothesis. Annu Rev Nutr, 2007 ; 27 : 363-88 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093705
  15. Jirtle R, Skinner M. Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. Nature, 2007 ; 8 : 253-262.
  16. Wilson AG, Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the inflammatory response and relevance to common disease. J Reviodontol, 2008 ; 79(8) : s1514-1519
  17. Mathers JC. Personalized nutrition epigenetics : A basis for understanding individual differences. Procedings of the Nutrition Society, 2008 ; 67 ; 390-394 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665108008744
  18. Hoffman EP, Skipping toward personalized molecular medicine. NEJM, 2007 ; 357(26) : 2719-2722 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe0707795
  19. Jain KK, Personalized medicine. Curr Opin Mol Ther, 2002. Dec ; 4(6) ; 548-58
  20. Lundy B, Race, ethnicity, and health. Can genetic explain disparities ; Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2002 ; 45(2) : 159-74 https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2002.0023
  21. Lavera MC, Racial, culture, and ethnic factors influencing end-of-life care. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 2005 ; 8(1) : s58-s70 https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2005.8.58
  22. Jo CP, Brace G, Link controlling disease and creating disparities(Topic1. structural patterns of health inequalities). Journal of Gerontology : series B, 2005 : 60B(Special Issue II) : 27-33
  23. Mackenbach JP, Stirbu I, Roskam Albert- Jan R, Schaap MM, Menvielle Gwenn, Leinsalu Mall, Kunst AE, Socioeconomic inegualities in health In 22 European counturies. NEJM, 2008 ; 358(23) ; 2468-81 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0707519
  24. Damanhori A, Al Khaja KAJ. Sequeira RP, Gender-based treatment outcomes in diabetic hypertension. J Postgrad Med, 2008 ; 54 : 252-8 https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.41433
  25. Lisa MB, Olena H, Kristen WS, Gender and health inequities ; A comment on the final report of the WHO commission on the social determinants of health social science and medicine. 2009 ; 1-3
  26. Bjornelv S, Lydersens HJ, Nilsen TI, Holmen TL, Sex differences in time trends for over weight and obesity in adolesents ; the young-HUNT study, Scand J. Public Health, 2009 ; Sep : 7
  27. Anita K, Ingemar K, Qiu C, Tom B, Bengt w, Laura F, Relation of education and occupation-based socioeconomic status to incident Alzheimer's disease, American Journal of Epidemiology, 2004 ; 159(2) : 175-183 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh018
  28. 문창진, 보건의료사회학. 신광출판사, 1997
  29. Berkman RF, Kawichi I, Social epidemiology. 2000. NY : Oxford Univ. press
  30. 윌리엄 코커햄 지음, 박호진역, 의료사회학. 아커넷, 2005.
  31. 정경균 외 지음, 보건사회학 강좌. 신광출판사, 2004.
  32. Mary NH, George AK, Leonard S, 4, Socioeconomic status and health ; Old observations and new thoughts, In Bunker JP, Gomby DS Rehrer Bl eds, Pathways to health ; The role of social factors. Menlo Park, CA ; Heny J Kaiser Family Foundation, 1989. 76-135
  33. 마이클 마멋 지음, 김보영 옮김, 사회적 지위가 건강과 수명을 결정한다. 에코리브르, 2006
  34. Vander Heyden J.H.A., Shaap MM, Kunst AE, Borrell EC, Cox B, Leinsalu B, Stirbu I, Kalediene R, Deboosere P, Mackenbach JP, Van Oyen H, Scioeconomic inequalities in lung cancer mortality in 16 European populations. Lung Cancer, 2009 ; 63 : 322-330 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.06.006
  35. Siegrist J, Marmot M, Health inequalities and the psychosocial environmental-two scientific challenges. Social Science and Medicine, 2004 ; 58 : 1463-1473 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00349-6
  36. Miller G, Chen E, Cole SW, Health psychology ; Developing biological plausible models linking the social world and physical health. Annu Rev Psychol, 2009 ; 60 : 501-24 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163551
  37. Adler NE, Newman K, Socioeconomic disparties in health : Pathways and policies. Health Afairs, 2002 ; 21(2) : 60-72 https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.60
  38. Hanefeld J, How have global health initives impacted on health equality?. Pront Educ, 2008 ; 15(1) : 19-23
  39. Lichtenstein P, Holm N, Verkasalo P, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Skytthe A, Hemminiki K, Environmental and heritable factors in the Causation of cancer. NEJM, 2000 ; 343(3) : 78-85
  40. Hoover RN, Cancer-nature, nuture or both. NEJM, 2000 ; 343 : 135-136 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200007133430210
  41. Chakravarti A, Little P, Nature, nuture and human disease. Nature, 2003 ; 421(23) : 412-414
  42. Eriksson JE, Epidemiology, genes and the environment ; lession learned from the Helsinki birth Cohort study. Journal of Internal Medicine, 2007 ; 261 : 418-425 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01798.x
  43. Barros SP, offenbacher S, Epigenetic : Connecting environment and genotype to phenotype and disease. J Dent Res, 2009 ; 88(5) : 400-408 https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509335868
  44. Wong Albert HC, Gottesman II, Petroanis A, Phenotypic differences in genetically identical organism ; The epigenetic perspective. Human Molecular Genetic, 2005 ; 14(1) : R11-R18
  45. Bjornsson HT, Fallin MD, Feinberg AP, An integrated epigenetic and genetic approach to common human disease. Trends in Genetics, 2004 ; 20(8) : 350-358 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2004.06.009
  46. Mulero-Navarro S, Esteller M, Epigenetic biomarker for human cancer ; The time is now. Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology, 2008 ; 68 : 1-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.03.001
  47. Egger G, Liang G, Aparicio A, Jones PA, Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy. Nature, 2004 ; 429 (27) : 457-463
  48. Balch C, Montgomery JS, Paik HI, Kim S, Huang T H-M, Nephew KP, New anti-cancer strategies ; Epigenetic therapies and biomarkers. Frontiers in Bioscience, 2005 ; 10 : 1897-1931 https://doi.org/10.2741/1668
  49. Esteller M, Epigenetic in cancer. NEJM, 2008 ; 358 : 1148-59 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra072067
  50. Campio J, Milagro FI, Martinez JA, Individuality and epigenetics in obesity. Obesity Reviews, 2009 : 1-10
  51. Ling C, Guerra SD, Lupi R, Ronn T, Gramhall C, Luthman H, Masiello P, Marchett P, Groop L, Del Prato S, Epigenetic regulation of PPARGCIA in human type 2 diabetic islet and effect on insulin secretion. Diabetologia, 2008 ; 51 : 615-622 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0916-5
  52. Schanen NC. Epigenetics of autism spectrum disorders. Hum Mol Genet, 2006 ; 15(spec No 2) : R138-R150.
  53. Bolin C, Basha R, Cox D, Zawia N, Maloney B, Lahiri D, Cardozo-Pelaez F, Exposure to lead(Pb) and the developmental origin of oxidative DNA damage in the aging brain. The FASEB Journal, 2006 ; 1-19.
  54. Steinke JW, Rich SS, Borish L, S. Genetics of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2008 ; 121(2 suppl) : S384-S387quiz S416
  55. Santos F, Hendrich B, Reik W, Dean W, Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation in the early mouse embryo. Developmental Biology, 2002 ; 241 : 172-182 https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.2001.0501
  56. Burdge G, Hanson M, Slater-Jefferies J, Lillycrop K. Epigenetic regulation of transcription : A mechanism for inducing variations in phenotype(fetal programming) by differences in nutrition during early life?. Br J Nutr, 2007 ; 97(6) : 1036-1046 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507682920
  57. Merico V, Berbieri J, Zuccotti M, Joffe B, Cremer T, Redi CA, Solovei I, Garagna S. Epigenomic differentiation in mouse preimplantation nuclei of biparental, parthenote and cloned embryos. Chromosome Research, 2007 ; 15 : 341-360
  58. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thronburg KL, Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. NEJM, 2008 ; 359(1) : 61-73 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0708473
  59. Martin C, Ehang Yi, Mechanism of epigenetic inheritance. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 2007 ; 19 : 266-272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2007.04.002
  60. Gronbaek K, Hother C, A-Jones P, Epigenetic changes in cancer. APMIS, 2007 ; 115 : 1039-1059 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_636.xml.x
  61. Bird A, Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature, 2007 ; 447 : 396-398 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05913
  62. Waterland R, Jirtle R. Transposable elements : Targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 2003 ; 23(15) : 5293-5300 https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.23.15.5293-5300.2003
  63. Dolinoy DC, Jirtle R. Environmental epigenetics in human health and disease. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 2008 ; 49 : 4-8 https://doi.org/10.1002/em.20366
  64. 박성균, 이선동. 환경오염물질과 에피제네틱스. 환경보건학회지 2009 ; 35(5) : 343-354
  65. Jaenisch R, Bird A, Epigenetic regulation of gene expression how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nature Genetics Supplement, 2003 ; 33 : 245-254 https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1089
  66. Vaissiere T, Sawan C, Herceg E, Epigenetic interplay between histone modification and DNA methylation in gene silencing. Mutation Research, 2008 ; 659 : 40-48 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.02.004
  67. Geiman TM, Robertson KD, Chromatin remodeling, histone, modification, and DNA methylation - How does it all fit together ; Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 2002 ; 87 : 117-125 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.10286
  68. Waterland R, Michels K, Epigenetic epidemiology of the developmental origins hypothesis. Annu Rev Nutr, 2007 ; 27 : 363-88 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093705
  69. Dolinoy DC, Environmental epigenomic in human health and disease. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 2008 ; 49 : 4-8 https://doi.org/10.1002/em.20366
  70. Dubos RJ, 적응하는 인간(上下). 이화여자대학교 출판부, 1987
  71. 최찬헌, 윤대환, 임진석, 백진웅, 사상체질 불변론에 대한 이론적 검토. 대한예방한의학회지, 2008 ; 12(2) : 115-130
  72. 이제마, 동의수세보원. 을유문화사, 2002
  73. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Living with the past ; Evolution, development, and pattern of disease. Science, 2004 ; 305(17) : 1734-36
  74. Federoff HJ, Gostin LO, Evolving from reductionism to holism. JAMA, 2009 ; 302(9) : 994-996 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1264
  75. Desiere F, Towards a systems biology understanding of human health ; interplay between genotype, environmental and nutrition. Biotechnol Annu Rev, 2004 ; 10 : 51-84 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-2656(04)10003-3
  76. Toscano WA, Oehike KP, Systems biology : New approaches to old environmental health problems. Int J Environ Res public Health, 2005 ; 2(1) : 4-9 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2005010004
  77. Robinson GE, Beyond nature and nurture. Science, 2004 ; 304 : 397-399 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095766
  78. Solidini M, The clinical medicine : Is it science or art? Some epidemiological consideration on medicine. Med Secoli, 2004 ; 16(10) : 133-56