Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Endocrine Regulation of Chicken Growth

  • Kim, Jin-Wook (Department of Animal Bioscience, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (Inst. of Agric. and Life Sci.), Gyeongsang National University)
  • Received : 2010.09.13
  • Accepted : 2010.09.29
  • Published : 2010.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The somatotropic axis plays a key role in proliferation and differentiation of avian organs during both pre- and posthatching periods. This review discusses the complexity of regulation of the endocrine system for chicken development and growth by growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and IGF binding protein (IGFBP). In addition, the thyrotropic axis, including thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid hormones ($T_4$ and $T_3$), is also involved in the GH-secreting pattern. In mammals, IGFI and -II are always sequestered in a 150 kDa non-covalent ternary complex. This complex consists of one molecule each of IGF-I or IGF-II, IGFBP-3 or IGFBP-5 and an acid labile subunit (ALS). Chick ALS is identified in different strains for the first time, and further investigation of the expression of ALS on developmental stage and ALS effect on IGF bioavailability may be addressed in the future.

Keywords

References

  1. Agarwal, S. K., L. A. Cogburn and J. Burnside. 1994. Dysfunctional growth hormone receptor in a strain of sexlinked dwarf chicken: evidence for mutation in the intracellular domain. J. Endocrinol. 142:427-434. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1420427
  2. Armstrong, D. G. and C. O. Hogg. 1994. Type-I insulin like growth factor receptor gene expression in the chick: Developmental changes and the effect of selection for increased growth on the amount of receptor mRNA. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 12:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0120003
  3. Ballard, F. J., R. J. Johnson, P. C. Owen, G. L. Francis, F. M. Upton, J. P. McMurtry and J. C. Wallace. 1990. Chicken insulin-like growth factor-I: Amino acid sequence, radioimmunoassay, and plasma levels between strains and during growth. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 79:459-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(90)90076-X
  4. Bassas, L., F. De Pablo, M. A. Lesniak and J. Roith. 1987. The insulin receptors of chick embryo show tissue specific structural differences which parallel those of the insulin -like growth factor-I receptors. Endocrinology 121:1468-1476. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-121-4-1468
  5. Binoux, M. and P. Hossenlopp. 1988. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding proteins: comparison of human serum and lymph. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 67:509-514. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-67-3-509
  6. Boisclair, Y. R., D. Seto, S. Hsieh, K. R. Hurst and G. T. Ooi. 1996. Organization and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding the mouse acid labile subunit of the insulin-like growth factor binding complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10028-10033. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.19.10028
  7. Burch, W. M. and H. E. Lebovitz. 1982. Triiodothyronine stimulation of in vitro growth and maturation of embryonic chick cartilage. Endocrinology 111:462-468. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-111-2-462
  8. Burch, W. M. and J. J. Van Wyk. 1987. Triiodothyronine stimulates cartilage growth and maturation by different mechamism. Am. J. Physiol. 252:E176-182.
  9. Burnside, J. and L. A. Cogburn. 1992. Developmental expression of hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in the chicken. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 89:91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-7207(92)90214-Q
  10. Burnside, J., S. S. Liou and L. A. Cogburn. 1991. Molecular cloning of the chicken growth receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid: mutation of the gene in sex-linked dwarf chickens. Endocrinology 128:3183-3192. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-128-6-3183
  11. Butler, J. H. and P. D. Gluckman. 1986. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in fetal, neonatal and adult sheep. J. Endocrinol. 109:333-338. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1090333
  12. Butterwith, S. C. and C. Goddard. 1991. Regulation of DNA synthesis in chicken adipocyte precursor cells by insulin-like growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth $factor-{beta}$. J. Endocrinol. 131:203-209. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1310203
  13. Caldes, J., J. Alemany, H. L. Robcis and F. De Pablo. 1991. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I in developing lens is compartmentalized. J. Biol. Chem. 266:20786-20790.
  14. Chin, E., J. Zhou, J. Dai, R. C. Baxter and C. A. Bondy. 1994. Cellular localization and regulation of gene expression for components of the insulin-like growth factor ternary binding protein complex. Endocrinology 134:2498-2504. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.134.6.2498
  15. Cogburn, L. A. 1991. Endocrine manipulation of body composition in broiler chicken. Cirt. Rev. Poult. Biol. 3:283-305.
  16. Cogburn, L. A., J. Burnside and C. G. Scanes. 2000. Physiology of growth and development. Sturkie's avian physiology (5th ed.). Academic press.
  17. Cogburn, L. A., N. C. Mao, S. Agarwal and J. Burnside. 1995. Interaction between somatotropic and thyrotropic axes in regulation of growth and development of broiler chickens. Arch. Geflugel. Sonderch. 1:18-21.
  18. Cogburn, L. A., S. S. Liou, A. L. Rand and J. P. McMurtry. 1989. Growth, metabolic and endocrine responses of broiler cockerels given a daily subcutaneous injection of natural or biosynthetic chicken growth hormone. J. Nutr. 119:1213-1222.
  19. Conlon, M. A. and L. Kita. 2002. Muscle protein synthesis rate is altered in response to a single injection of insulin-like growth factor-I in seven-day-old Leghorn chicks. Poult. Sci. 81:1543-1547. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.10.1543
  20. Cynober, L., C. Aussel, P. Chatelian, M. Vaubourdolle, J. Agneray and O. G. Ekindjian. 1985. Insulin-like growth factor I/somatomedin C action on 2-deoxyglucose and a-amino isobutyrate uptake in chick embryo fibroblasts. Biochimie 67:1185-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9084(85)80118-8
  21. Dai, J. and R. C. Baxter. 1992. Molecular cloning of the acidlabile subunit of the rat insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188:304-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(92)92385-B
  22. Dai, J. and R. C. Baxter. 1994. Regulation in vivo of the acid-labile subunit of the rat serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex. Endocrinology 135:2335-2341. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.135.6.2335
  23. Darras, V. M., M.-F. Finne, L. R. Berghman and E. R. Kuhn. 1994. Ontogrny of the sensitivity of the somatotrophs to TRH and growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) in the embryonic and post-hatch chick. Ann d'Endocrinol (Paris) 55:255-260.
  24. Daughaday, W. H., M. Kapadia, C. E. Yanow, K. Fabrick and I. K. Mariz. 1985. Insulin-like growth factor I and IGF II of nonmammalian sera. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 59:316-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(85)90384-3
  25. Dean, C. E., M. Piper and T. E. Porter. 1997. Differential responsiveness of somatotrophs to growth hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone during chicken embryonic development. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 132:33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(97)00117-2
  26. De Groef, B., S. V. H. Grommen and V. M. Darras. 2008. The chicken embryo as a model for developmental endocrinology; development of the thyrotropic, corticotropic and somatotropic axes. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 293:17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2008.06.002
  27. De Pablo, F., V. B. Perez, J. Serna and G. P. R. Gonzalez. 1993. IGF-I and the IGF-I receptor in development of nonmammalian vetebrates. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 35:427-432. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080350418
  28. Duclos, M. J. and C. Goddard. 1990. Insulin-like growth factor receptor in chicken liver membranes: Binding properties, specificity, developmental pattern and evidence for a single receptor type. J. Endocrinol. 125:199-206. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1250199
  29. Duclos, M. J., R. S. Wilkie and C. Goodard. 1991. Stimulation of DNA synthesis in chicken muscle satellite cells by insulin and insulin-like growth factors: evidence for exclusive mediation by a type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor. J. Endocrinol. 128:35-42. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1280035
  30. Edens, A. and F. Talamantes. 1998. Alternative processing of growth hormone receptor transcripts. Endocr. Rev. 19:559-582. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.19.5.559
  31. Firth, S. M., U. Ganeshprasad and R. C. Baxter. 1998. Structural determinants of ligand and cell surface binding of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3. J. Biol. Chem. 273:2631-2638. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.5.2631
  32. Frawley, L. S., J. P. Hoeffler and F. R. Boockfor. 1985. Functional maturation of somatotropes in fetal rat pituitaries: analysis by reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Endocrinology 116:2355-2360. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-116-6-2355
  33. Geris, K. L., L. R. Berghman, E. R. Kuhn and V. M. Darras. 1998. Pre- and post-hatch developmental changes in hypothalamic thytrotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin concentrations and in circulating growth hormone and thyrotropin levels in the chicken. J. Endocrinol. 219-225.
  34. Goddard, C., R. S. Wilkie and I. C. Dunn. 1988. The relationship between insulin like growth factor-I, growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and insulin in chickens selected for growth. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 5:165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(88)90017-3
  35. Harvey, S., T. F. Davidson and A. Chadwick. 1979. Ontogeny of growth hormone and prolactin secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus Domesticus). Gen. Com. Endocrinol. 39:270-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(79)90121-7
  36. Haselbacher, G. K., R. Y. Andres and R. E. Humbel. 1980. Evidence for the synthesis of a somatomedin similar to insulinlike growth factor I by chick embryo liver cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 111:245-250.
  37. Holzenberger, M., F. Lapointe, M. Leibovici and C. Ayer-Le Lievre. 1996. The avian IGF type I receptor: cDNA analysis and in situ hybridization reveal conserved sequence elements and expression patterns relevant for the development of the nervous system. Dev. Brain Res. 97:76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-3806(96)00133-2
  38. Huybrechts, L. M., E. Decuypere, C. G. Scanes, P. Callewaert, E. Peys and E. R. Kuhn. 1985. Human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor stimulates growth hormone secretion in perinatal dwarf and control chickens. Horm. Metab. Res. 17:690-691. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1013646
  39. Huybrechts, L. M., R. Michielsen, V. M. Darras, F. C. Buonomo, E. R. Kuhn and E. Decuypere. 1989. Effect of the sex-linked dwarf gene on thyrotropic and somatotropic axes in the chick embryo. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 29:219-226. https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19890209
  40. Janosi, J. B., P. A. Ramsland, M. R. Mott, S. M. Firth, R. C. Baxter and P. J. Delhanty. 1999. The acid-labile subunit of the serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complexes. Structural determination by molecular modeling and electron microscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 274:23328-23332. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.33.23328
  41. Johnson, R. J., J. P. McNurtry and F. J. Ballard. 1990. Ontogeny and secretory patterns of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in meat-type chickens. J. Endocrinol. 124:81-87. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1240081
  42. Kallincos, N. C., J. C. Wallace, G. L. Francis and F. J. Ballard. 1990. Chemical and biological characterization of chicken insulin-like growth factor-II. J. Endocrinol. 124:89-97. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1240089
  43. Kikuchi, K., F. C. Buonomo, Y. Kajimoto and P. Rotwein. 1991. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I during chicken developemnt. Endocrinology 128:1323-1328. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-128-3-1323
  44. Kim, J. W. and Y. R. Boisclair. 2008. Growth hormone signaling in the regulation of acid labile subunit. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 21:754-768. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.r.05
  45. Kim, J. W., R. P. Rhoads, N. Segoale, N. B. Kristensen, D. E. Bauman and Y. B. Boisclair. 2006. Isolation of the cDNA encoding the acid labile subunit (ALS) of the 150 kDa IGFbinding protein complex in cattle and ALS regulation during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. J. Endocrinol. 189:583-593. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06824
  46. King, D. B. and C. R. King. 1973. Thyroidal influence on early muscle growth chickens. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 21:517-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(73)90112-3
  47. King, D. B. and C. R. King. 1976. Thyroidal influence on gastrocinemus and sartorius muscle growth in young White Leghorn cockerels. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 29:473-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(76)90030-7
  48. Kita, K., F. M. Tomas, P. C. Owen, S. E. Knowles, B. E. Forbes, Z. Uptons, R. Hughes and F. J. Ballard. 1996. Influence of nutrition on hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels and plasma concentration of IGF-I and IGF-II in meat-type chickens. J. Endocrinol. 149:181-190. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1490181
  49. Kita, K., K. Nagao, N. Taneda, Y. Inagaki, K. Hirano, T. Shibata, M. A. Yaman, M. A. Conlon and J-I. Okumura. 2002. Insulinlike growth factor binding protein-2 gene expression can be regulated by diet manipulation in several tissues of young chickens. J. Nutr. 132:145-151.
  50. Kuhn, E. R. 1993. Role of growth hormone in thyroid function of vertebrates. Academiae Analecta 55:3-13.
  51. Kuhn, E. R., L. M. Huybrechts, A. Vanderpooten and L. Berghman. 1989. A decreased capacity of hepatic growth hormone (GH) receptors and failure of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone to stimulate the peripheral conversion of thyroxine into triiodothyronine in sex-linked dwarf broiler hens. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 29:461-467. https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19890407
  52. Kuhn, E. R., L. Vleurick, M. Edery, E. Decuypere and V. M. Darras. 2002. Internalization of the chicken growth hormone receptor complex and its effect on biological functions. Com. Biochem. Physiol. 132:299-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00037-4
  53. Kuhn, E. R., S. M. E. Geelissen, S. Van der Geyten and V. M. Darras. 2005. The release of growth hormone (GH): releation to the thyrotrophic- and Corticotropic axis in the chicken. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 29:43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.02.022
  54. Lazarus, D. D. and C. G. Scanes. 1988. Acute effects of hypophysectomy and administration of pancreatic and thyroid hormones on circulating concentrations of somatomedin-C and young chickens: relationship between growth hormone and somatomedin-C. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 5:283-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(88)90002-1
  55. Leach, R. M. and G. E. Rosselot. 1992. The use of avian epiphyseal chondrocytes for in vitro studies of skeletal metabolism. J. Nutr. 122:802-805.
  56. Leach, R. M., M. P. Richards, C. A. Praul, B. C. Ford and J. P. McMurtry. 2006. Investigation of the insulin-like growth factor system in the avian epiphyseal growth plate. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 33:143-153.
  57. Lee, C. Y., I. Kwak, C. S. Chung, W. S. Choi, R. C. Simmen and F. A. Simmen. 2001. Molecular cloning of the porcine acid-labile subunit (ALS) of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex and detection of ALS gene expression in hepatic and non-hepatic tissues. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 26:135-144. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0260135
  58. Leong, S. R., R. C. Baxter, T. Camerato, J. Dai and W. I. Wood. 1992. Structure and functional expression of the acid-labile subunit of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:870-876. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.6.6.870
  59. Leung, F. C., J. E. Taylor and A. Van Iderstine. 1984. Effects of dietary thyroid hormones on growth and serum T3, T4 and growth hormone in sex-linked dwarf chickens. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 177:77-81. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-177-41914
  60. Lu, F. Z., Z. Y. Jiang, X. X. Wang, Y. H. Luo, X. F. Li and H. L. Liu. 2010. Role of the insulin-like growth factor system in epiphyseal cartilage on the development of Langshan and Arbor Acres chickens, Gallus domesticus. Poult. Sci. 89:956-965. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00556
  61. Mao, J. N., L. A. Cogburn and J. Burnside. 1997. Growth hormone down-regulates growth hormone receptor mRNA in chickens but developmental increases in growth hormone receptor mRNA occur independently of growth hormone action. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 129:135-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(97)04052-5
  62. Marsh, J. A., T. J. Lauterio and C. G. Scanes. 1984. Effects of triiodothyronine treatments on body and organ growth and the development of immune function in dwarf chickens. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 177:82-91. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-177-41915
  63. McCann-Levorse, L. M., S. V. Radecki, D. J. Donoghue, S. Malamed, D. N. Foster and C. G. Scanes. 1993. Ontogeny of pituitary growth hormone and growth hormone mRNA in the chicken. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 202:109-113. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-202-43519
  64. McGuinness, M. C. and L. A. Cogburn. 1990. Measurement of developmental changes in plasma insulin-like growth factor-I levels of broiler chickens by radioreceptor assay and radioimmunireceptor assay. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 79:446-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(90)90075-W
  65. McMurtry J. P., G. L. Francis and Z. Upton. 1997. Insulin-like growth factors in poultry. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 14:199-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(97)00019-2
  66. Mohan, S. and D. J. Baylink. 2002. IGF-binding proteins are multifunctional and act via IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J. Endocrinol. 175:19-31. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1750019
  67. Moore, G. E., S. Harvey, H. Klandorf and G. Goldspink. 1984. Muscle development in thyroidectomized chickens (Gallus domesticus). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 55:195-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(84)90101-1
  68. Morishita, D., M. Sasaki, M. Wakita and S. Hoshino. 1996. Effect of fasting on serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels and IGF-binding activity in cockerels. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 139:363-370.
  69. Morishita, D., M. Wakita and S. Hoshino. 1993. Effect of hypophysectomy on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I binding activity of serum in chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104A:261-265.
  70. Oldham, E. R., B. Bingham and W. R. Baumbach. 1993. A functional polyadenylation signal is embedded in the coding region of chicken growth hormone receptor RNA. Mol. Endocrinol. 7:1379-1390. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.7.11.1379
  71. O'Neill, I. E., B. Houston and C. Goddard. 1990. Stimulation of insulin-like growth factor I production in primary cultures of chicken hepatocytes by chicken growth hormone. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 70:41-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-7207(90)90057-F
  72. Ooi, G. T., K. R. Hurst, M. N. Poy, M. M. Rechler and Y. B. Boisclair. 1998. Binding of STAT5a and STAT5b to a single element resembling a gamma- interferon-activated sequence mediates the growth hormone induction of the mouse acidlabile subunit promoter in liver cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 12:675- 687. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.12.5.675
  73. Piper, M. M. and T. E. Porter. 1997. Responsiveness of chicken embryonic somatotrophs to somatostatin (SRIF) and IFG-I. J. Endocrinol. 154:303-310. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1540303
  74. Porter, T. E. 2005. Regulation of pituitary somatotroph differentiation by hormones of peripheral endocrine gland. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 29:52-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.04.004
  75. Porter, T. E., G. S. Couger, C. E. Dean and B. M. Hargis. 1995. Ontogeny of growth hormone (GH)-secreting cells during chicken embryonic development: initial somatotrophs are responsive to GH-releasing hormone. Endocrinol. 136:1850-1856. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.136.5.1850
  76. Proudman, J. A., M. C. McGuinness, K. A. Krishnan and L. A. Cogburn. 1994. Endocrine and metabolic responses of intact and hypophysectomized turkey poults given a daily injection of chicken growth hormone. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 109C:47-56.
  77. Radecki, S. V., M. C. Capdevielle, F. C. Buonomo and C. G. Scanes. 1997. Ontogeny of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGF-binding proteins in the chicken following hatching. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 107:109-117.
  78. Rhoads, R. P., P. L. Greenwood, A. W. Bell and Y. B. Boisclair. 2000. Organization and regulation of the gene encoding the sheep acid-labile subunit of the 150-kilodalton insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex. Endocrinology 141:1425-1433. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.141.4.1425
  79. Rosebrough, R. W. and J. P. McMurtry. 2003. Methimazole and thyroid hormone replacement in broilers. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 24:231-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00236-9
  80. Rosselot, G., J. P. McMurtry, R. Vasilatos-Younken and S. Czerwinski. 1995. Effect of exogenous chicken growth hormone (cGH) administration on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene expression in domestic fowl. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 114:157-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-7207(95)96796-K
  81. Scanes, C. G. 2009. Perspectives on the endocrinology of poultry growth and metabolism. Gen. Com. Endocrinol. 163:24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.04.013
  82. Scanes, C. G., D. R. Duyka, T. J. Lauterio, S. J. Bowen, L. M. Huybrechts, W. L. Bacon and D. B. King. 1986. Effect of chicken growth hormone, triiodothyronine and hypophysectomy in growing domestic fowl. Growth 50:12-31.
  83. Scanes, C. G., J. Marsh, E. Decuypere and P. Rudas. 1983. Abnormalities in the plasma concentrations of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and growth hormone in sex-linked dwarf and autosomal White Leghorn domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). J. Endocrinol. 97:127-135. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.0970127
  84. Serrano, J., A. R. Shuldiner, C. T. Roberts, D. LeRoith and F. De Pablo. 1990. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) gene is expressed in chick embryos during early organogenesis. Endocrinology 127:1547-1549. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-127-3-1547
  85. Tanaka, M., Y. Hayashida, K. Sakaguchi, T. Ohkubo, M. Wakita, S. Hoshino and K. Nakashima. 1996. Growth hormoneindependent expression of insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid in extrahepatic tissues of the chicken. Endocrinology 137:30-34. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.137.1.30
  86. Thommes, R. C., J. B. Martens, W. E. Hopkins, J. Caliendo, M. J. Sorrentino and J. E. Woods. 1983. Hypothalamoadenohypophyseal- thyroid interrelationships in the chick embryo. IV. Immunocytochemical demonstration of TSH in the hypophyseal pars distalis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 51:434-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(83)90060-6
  87. Tixier-Boichard, M., L. M. Huybrechts, E. Becuypere, E. R. Kuhn, J. L. Monvoisin, G. Coquerelle, J. Charrier and J. Simon. 1992. Effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) infusion and dietary tri-iodothyronine (T3) supplementation on growth, body composition and plasma hormone levels in sex-linked dwarf mutant and normal chickens. J. Endocrinol. 133:101-110. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1330101
  88. Tomas, F. M., R. A. Pym, J. P. McMurtry and G. L. Francis. 1998. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I but not IGF-II promotes lean growth and feed efficiency in broiler chickens. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 110:-275.
  89. Tsukada, A., T. Ohkubo, K. Sakaguchi, M. Tanaka, K. Nakashima, Y. Hayashida, M. Wakita and S. Hoshino. 1998. Thyroid hormones are involved in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production by stimulating hepatic growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene expression in the chicken. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 8:235-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-6374(98)80116-0
  90. Twigg, S. M. and R. C. Baxter. 1998. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein 5 forms an alternative ternary complex with IGFs and the acid-labile subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 273:6074-6079. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.11.6074
  91. Twigg, S. M., M. C. Kiefer, J. Zapf and R. C. Baxter. 1998. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 complexes with the acid-labile subunit. Role of the carboxyl-terminal domain. J. Biol. Chem. 273:28791-28798. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.44.28791
  92. Ueki, I, S. L. Giesy, K. J. Harvatine, J. W. Kim and Y. R. Boisclair. 2009. The acid-labile subunit is required for full effects of exogenous growth hormone on growth and carbohydrate metabolism. Endocrinology 150:3145-3152. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1740
  93. Ueki, I., G. T. Ooi, M. L. Tremblay, K. R. Hurst, L. A. Bach and Y. B. Boisclair. 2000. Inactivation of the acid labile subunit gene in mice results in mild retardation of postnatal growth despite profound disruptions in the circulating insulin-like growth factor system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:6868-6873. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.120172697
  94. Vanderpooten, A., L. M. Huybrechts, P. Rudas, E. Decuypere and E. R. Kuhn. 1991a. Differences in hepatic growth hormone receptor binding during development of normal and dwarf chickens. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 31:47-55. https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19910104
  95. Vanderpooten, A., V. M. Darras, L. M. Huybrechts, P. Rudas, E. Decuypere and E. R. Kuhn. 1991b. Effect of hypophysectomy and acute administration of growth hormone (GH) and GHreceptor binding in chick liver membranes J. Endocrinol. 129:275-281. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1290275
  96. Vanderpooten, A., W. Janssens, J. Buyse, F. Leenstra, L. Berghman, E. Decuypere and E. R. Kuhn. 1993. Study of the hepatic growth hormone (GH) receptor at different ages in chickens selected for a good feed converson (FC) and a fast weight gain (GL.) Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 10:199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(93)90024-6
  97. Vasilatos-Younken, R., K. S. Gray, W. L. Bacon, K. E. Nestor, D. W. Long and J. L. Rosenberger. 1990. Ontogeny of growth hormone (GH) binding in the domestic turkey:evidence of sexual dimorphism and developmental changes in relationship to plasma GH. J. Endocrinol. 126:131-139. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1260131
  98. Vasilatos-Younken, R., T. L. Cravener, L. A. Cogburn, M. G. Mast and R. H. Wellenreiter. 1988. Effect of pattern of administration on the response to exogenous, pituitary-derived chicken growth hormone by broiler-strain pullets. Gem. Comp. Endocrinol. 71:268-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(88)90255-9
  99. Vasilatos-Younken, R., X. H. Wang, Y. Zhou, J. R. day, J. P. McNurtry, R. W. Rosenbrough, E. Decuypere, N. Buys, V. Darras, J. L. Beard and F. Tomas. 1999. New insights into the mechanism and actions of growth hormone (GH) in poultry. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 17:181-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00035-1
  100. Wilson, D. M. and R. L. Hintz. 1982. Inter-species comparison of somatomedin structure using immunological probes. J. Endocrinol. 95:59-64. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.0950059
  101. Woelfle, J. and P. Rotwein. 2004. In vivo regulation of growth hormone-stimulated gene transcription by STAT5b. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 286:E393-401.
  102. Yang, Y. W. H., A. R. Robbins, S. P. Nissley and M. M. Rechler. 1991. The chick embryo fibroblast cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor is functional and immunologically related to the mammalian insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II)/man 6-p receptor but does not bind IGF-II. Endocrinology 128:1177-1189. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-128-2-1177
  103. Yang, Y. W. H., D. R. Brown, H. L. Robcis, M. M. Rechler and F. De Pablo. 1993. Developmental regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in chick embryo serum and vitreous humor. Regul. Pept. 48:145-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-0115(93)90343-7
  104. Yun, J. S., D. S. Seo, W. K. Kim and Y. Ko. 2005. Expression and relationship of the insulin-like growth factor system with posthatch growth in the Korea Native Ogol chicken. Poult. Sci. 84:83-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.1.83
  105. Zapf, J., C. Hauri, M. Waldvogel and E. R. Froesch. 1986. Acute metabolic effects and half-lives of intravenously administered insulinlike growth factors I and II in normal and hypophysectomized rats. J. Clin. Invest. 77:1768-1775. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI112500
  106. Zhou, M., Z. Ma and W. S. Sly. 1995. Cloning and expression of the cDNA of the chicken cation-independent-6-phosphate receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 92:9762-9766. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.21.9762

Cited by

  1. Thermal stress induces changes in gene expression and blood parameters in high and low feed efficiency meat quail vol.56, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-014-0246-5
  2. Effect of Varying Level of Crude Protein and Energy on Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Expression Level in Indonesian Hybrid Chicken vol.16, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2017.1.5
  3. Embryonic cholesterol esterification is regulated by a cyclic AMP-dependent pathway in yolk sac membrane-derived endodermal epithelial cells vol.12, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187560
  4. Transcriptomic Changes in Broiler Chicken Hypothalamus during Growth and Development vol.2018, pp.2314-4378, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6049469
  5. Effects of light-sources and photoperiod on hemato-physiological indices of broilers grown to heavy weights vol.98, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey466
  6. Effects of peripheral administration of ghrelin antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 on growth performance and blood biochemical indices in broiler chickens vol.59, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-59-113-2016
  7. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) Leaf Polysaccharides on Immune Parameters of Weanling Pigs vol.10, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010035
  8. Interactive Effects of Light-Sources, Photoperiod and Strain on Blood Physiological Variables of Broilers Grown to Heavy Weight vol.19, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2020.86.96
  9. The avian maternal environment: exploring the physiological mechanisms driving progeny performance vol.76, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2020.1729675
  10. Effect of Stocking Density and Dietary Antimicrobial Inclusion of Male Broilers Grown to 35 Days of Age Part 2: Blood Physiological Variables vol.19, pp.10, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2020.447.454
  11. Study the Effect of Microinjection of Zn, Fe, and Cu Loaded in Montmorillonite on Development Activities in Fertilized Chicken Eggs vol.199, pp.10, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02488-y
  12. Improvement of goose embryonic and muscular developments by wider angle egg turning during incubation and the regulatory mechanisms vol.100, pp.12, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101477