Korean Journal of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회지)

The Korean Society of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회)
권호 표지

Nutrient Intake and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Male Smokers

일부 흡연 남성의 식사섭취와 대사증후군 위험도

  • Kim, Myeong-Ok (Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University) ;
  • Lee, Hye-Jin (Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University) ;
  • Park, Eun-Ju (Department of Food & Nutrition, Kyungnam University) ;
  • Lee, Kyung-Hea (Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University)
  • 김명옥 (창원대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 이혜진 (창원대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 박은주 (경남대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 이경혜 (창원대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2010.08.19
  • Accepted : 2010.12.09
  • Published : 2010.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was intended to investigate the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) in healthy 92 male smokers (mean age: $44.4\;{\pm}\;7.8\;yrs$). We investigated the anthropometric assessment and dietary intake survey for 2 days by 24-recall method, also blood pressure and serum lipids were measured. The average numbers of cigarettes smoking a day were 21.3/d, smoking duration were 21.5 years. The proportion of fat energy was 24.9% and intakes of vitamin B2, folate, calcium, potassum and fiber were lower than KDRI. The body mass index (BMI) and body fat % were 24.8, 23.9% respectively. The systolic ($134.1\;{\pm}\;1.4\;mmHg$) and the diastolic blood ($87.9\;{\pm}\;1.1\;mmHg$) pressure were in borderline hypertension. Among biochemical parameters, TG ($173.6\;{\pm}\;9.4\;mg/dL$) and fasting blood glucose ($109.0\;{\pm}\;2.4\;mg/dL$) levels were out of normal values. The most occurred problem among the risk factors related to MS was the borderline hypertension (63%) in subjects. Regarding the correlations of anthropometric data with biochemical factors, TG was significantly correlated with the BMI, body fat % and waist circumference. Smoking years showed positive correlation with AI. These results suggest that the smoking habit has significant relations with the risk factors of MS. Therefore, quitting is necessary to prevent MS, and nutrition education and dietary management program are required to prevent the degenerative disease.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn HS, Lee LH (1993): The relationships between obese index and major risk factors in patients with cardiovascular disease. Korean J Nutr 26(9): 1071-1084
  2. Alberg A (2002): The influence of cigarette smoking on circulating concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients. Toxicology 180: 121-137 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00386-4
  3. Batic MO, Zildzic M, Beganlic A, Kusljugic Z (2006): The effect of cigarette smoking on HDL-cholesterol level. Med Arh 60(6): 90-92
  4. Cade JE, Margetts BM (1991): Relationship between diet and smoking-Is the diet of smokers different?. J Epidemiology Community Health 45: 270-272 https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.45.4.270
  5. Cho HS, Nam HC, Jeong DH (2003): Effects of smoking habits and training habits to serum total cholesterol. Korea Sport Research 14(1): 559-571
  6. Choi DH, Choi HN (2000): The variability of pulmonary and lipoprotein functions in chronic smokers. Korean J Sports Medicine 18(1): 109-116
  7. Choi MK, Cho HK, Sung CJ (2006): Comparative study on nutrient intakes, blood pressure and serum lipid profile of Korean adult men according to smoking status. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 35(2): 164-170 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.2.164
  8. Chung HJ (2005): The association of smoking and fat distribution among Korean male adults. MS thesis, Ewha Womans University
  9. Duthie GG (1993): Antioxidant vitamins, free radicals and coronary heart disease. Bri Food J 92(8): 32-36
  10. Esmaillzadeh A, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, Azadbakht L, Hu FB, Willen WC (2006): Fruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 84: 1489-1497
  11. Faruque MO, Khan MR, Rahman MM, Ahmed F (1995): Relationship between smoking and antioxidant nutrient status. British J Nutr 73(4): 625-632 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19950064
  12. Jang HS (2007): Relation of health status, nutrient intake, and dietary self-efficacy to the obesity levels of male workers. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 36(7): 849-858 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2007.36.7.849
  13. Jang YS, Kim OH, Kwon SJ, Lee JH, Chung NS, Lee HC, Huh KB (1999): Infulence of alcohol comsumption and smoking habits on cardiovascular risk factors and antioxidant status in healthy men. Korean J Medi 56(4): 434-449
  14. Jeong HK, Kim JY, Lee HS, Kim JY (1997): The effect of dietary calcium and phosphate levels on calcium and bone metabolism in rats. Korean J Nutr 30(7): 813-824
  15. Jequier E (1984): Thermogenesis induced by nutrient administration in man. Infusionsther Klin Ernahr 11(4): 184-188
  16. Joung HJ, Moon HY (1999): Dietary differences in smokers and nonsmokers from free living elderly in Kyunggi province. Korean J Nutr 32(7): 812-820
  17. Jung CH, Park JS, Lee WY, Kim SW (2002): Effects of smoking, alcohol, exercise, level of education, and family history on the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Korean J Medi 63(6): 646-659
  18. Jung SH (2009): Dietary intake and environmental factors of adults Korea affect the bone density. MS thesis, Ewha Womans University
  19. Jung YR, Bae YJ, Sung CJ (2006): Comparative study on nutrient intakes, serum lipid profiles of smoking male college students. J East Asian Soc Dietary Life 16(5): 515-522
  20. Kallner AB, Hartmann D, Homig DH (1981): On the requirements of ascorbic acid in man: stesdy-state turnover and body pool in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 34(7): 1347-1355
  21. Kang MH, Choi IS, Ro HK (2009): A comparative study on the diet quality evaluation and blood lipid profiles in adult male drinkers according to the smoking. Korean J Nutr 42(6): 547-558 https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.6.547
  22. Kang MH, Lee JH (2004): Effects of dietary factors on lymphocyte DNA damage in smoking elderly people in Korea. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 33(3): 523-532 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2004.33.3.523
  23. Kang MH, Park JA (1995): Dietary patterns of elderly people by smoking status. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 24(5): 663-675
  24. Kim BS, Kang JH, Choi K, Jung HW, Lee HS, Lee SJ, Lee MH, Park JR (1998): Relationships between cigarette smoking and serum lipids in the normal population. Korean J Lipidology 8(2): 120-126
  25. Kim DH, Seo S (1988): Effect of drinking and smoking on AST and ALT activities. Korean J Prev Med 21(2): 329-339
  26. Kim GB, Lee ZH, Lee SK (2006): The relation between BMI and exercise -based on the health survey of one hospital-. Med J Chosun University 31(3): 102-108
  27. Kim HJ (2003): Low circulating folate is associated with impaired endothelial function, elevation of C-reactive protein and total homocysteine, and lipid profiles. Dissertation, Yonsei University
  28. Kim JS, Lee HJ, Kim JY, Kang DS, Lee DH, Kam S, Lee SK, Lee JB (2007): Usefulness of abdominal visceral fat thickness using ultrasonography as a predictor of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in obese adults. Korean J Obesity 16(1): 6-15
  29. Kim KA, Kim JS, Kim MS (2007): Predictors of coronary heart disease risk in healthy men and women. J Korean Acad Nurs 37(7): 1039-1048
  30. Kim KW, Lim JY, Kim JY, Kim JH (1999): A study of nutrient intakes and psychosocial factors associated with smoking among female high school students. Korean J Nutr 32(8): 908-917
  31. Kim MH, Bae YJ, Sung CJ (2006): A evaluation study on nutrient intake and diet quality of male college students according to packyear in Korea. Korean J Nutr 39(6): 572-584
  32. Kim SH (2007): The relationship between cardiovascular risks evaluated by CT and smoking. MS thesis, Chonnam National University
  33. Kim SR, Min HS, Ha AW, Hyun HJ, Song KH (2004): The effect of antioxidant vitamins supplementation on blood pressure, plasma lipids, folate, and homocysteine levels in smokers and nonsmokers of college students in the Gyeonggi area. Korean J Community Nutr 9(4): 472-482
  34. Kim YJ, Kim SG, Paek YM, Kim MK (2006): Comparison of energy nutrient and fat intake between the hypertensive and normotensive male workers. Korean J Occup Environ Med 18(4): 263-271
  35. Korea National Statistical Office (2008): Available from http:// www.kostat.go.kr [cited 2009 September 13]
  36. Korean Nutrition Society (2005): Dietary reference intakes for Koreans
  37. Kwak CS, Lee JW, Hyun WJ (2000): The effects of smoking and alcohol drinking on nutritional status and eating habits in adult males. Korean J Community Nutr 5(2): 161-171
  38. Lee HJ (2008): The effect of food, nutrient intake status and blood heavy metal levels according to smoking ststus in adult men. MS thesis, Ewha Womans University
  39. Lee JS, Yoon JM, Jun JK, Ko SK (2007): The effect of passive smoking on percent oxygen saturation and blood pressure. Collection Articles Humanities and Arts 30: 165-181
  40. Lee KM (2003): Body fat distribution and serum leptin levels according to amount of cigarette smoking in Korean middle-aged men. J Korean Acad Fam Med 24(6): 524-531
  41. Lee KY, Jang MR, Kim EK, Huh KB (1991): A study on body fat distribution in obeses human - Specially related to risk factors in degenerated discases. Korean J Nutr 24(3): 157-165
  42. Lee SY, Kim SK, Kwon CI, Kim MJ, Kang MS, Ko KH, Hong SP, Hwang SG, Park PW, Rim KS (2008): Clinical characteristics of health screen examinees with nonalcoholic fatty liver and normal liver function test. Korean J Gastroenterology 52(3): 161-170
  43. Lee SY, Kim SW, Kim YO (1999): The relationship of smoking, alcohol consumption and exercise and blood lipids in adult male. J Korean Lipidology 9(4): 421-428
  44. Lee YC, Synn HA, Lee KY, Park YH, Rhee CS (1992): A study on concentrations of serum lipids and food & daily habit of healthy Korean adults - Emphasis on serum triglyceride-. J Korean Lipidology 2(1): 41-51
  45. Leone G, Sica S, Chiusolo P, Teofili L, De SV (2001): Blood cells diseases and thrombosis. Haematologica 86: 1236-1244
  46. Lim JY, Kim JH (2001): The effects of vitamin C supplementation and nutrition education on nutrition knowledge, food habits and antioxidative enzyme activity in male adolescent smokers. Korean J Community Nutr 6(3): 282-289
  47. Midgeete AS, Baron JA, Rohan TE (1993): Do cigarette smokers have diets that increase their risks of coronary heart disease and cancer? Am J Epidemiology 137(5): 521-529
  48. Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs & Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007): In depth analysis on the 3rd(2005) Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & Korea Health Industry Development Institut
  49. Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs & Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009): 2008 Nutrition health statistics - The 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the second year (2008). Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  50. NCEP (Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program) (2002): Expert panel on detection. evalutation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III ). Circulation 106: 3143-3421
  51. Nicklas BJ, Tomoyasu N, Muir J, Goldberg AP (1999): Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on body weight and plasma leptin levels. Matabolism 48(6): 804-808 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90183-X
  52. Oh KW, Nam CM, Park JH, Yoon JY, Shim JS, Lee KH, Suh I (2003): A case-control study on dietary quality and risk for coronary heart disease in Korean men. Korean J Nutr 36(6): 613-621
  53. Park HS, Oh SW, Cho SI, Choi WH, Kim YS (2004): The metabolic syndrome and associated lifestyle factors among south Korean adults. Inter J Epidemiology 33(2): 328-336. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh032
  54. Piperakis SM, Visvardis EE, Sagnou M, Tassous AM (1998): Effects of smoking and aging on oxidative DNA damage of human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 19(4): 695-698 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/19.4.695
  55. Rahman I, MacNee W (1996): Role of oxidants/antioxidants in smoking - induced lung diseases. F Rai Biology & Medi 21(5): 669-681 https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(96)00155-4
  56. Shin KO, An CH, Hwang HJ, Choi KS, Chung KH (2009): Effect of smoking and drinking habits on the nutrient intakes and health of middle and high school boy students. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 38(6): 694-708 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.6.694
  57. Shin JY, Kim YK, Park SG, Lee JN, Kim HC, Leem JH, Hong YC (2005): The clinical importance of an increase in serum gammaglutamyltransferase concentration. Korean J Occup Environ Med 17(1): 1-9
  58. Shin SR (1999): Smoking cession. Workshop - Lifestyle and health. The Korean Soc Sports Medicine pp. 7-17
  59. Shin SR, Jeong GC (2007): Predictive variables on intention to stay as a nonsmoker based on educational environment related factors. Health & Social Science 21(6): 5-24
  60. Shin SSN (2005): Analysis on the effects of smoking on serum lipid. MS thesis, Seoul National University
  61. Song JH, Oh DY, Kim SH, Ahn SW (1983): A study on the effect of cigarette smoking in serum HDL-cholesterol levels. The Korean J Inter Med 26(9): 928-933
  62. Song KH, Kim HA (2002): Comparison of attitudinal beliefs regarding smoking and antioxidant vitamins status in the college male smokers and non-smokers. Korean J Dietary Culture 17(3): 329-336
  63. Song YM, Han JL, Kim SA (2008) The daily intakes of nutrients and snacks of high school smokers and non-smokers. Korean J Community Nutr 13(4): 476-488
  64. Wack JT, Rodin J (1982): Smoking and its effects on body weight and the systerms of caloric regulation. Am Soc Clinical Nutr 35: 366-380
  65. Wakabayashi I (2008): Associations of alcohol drinking and cigabette smoking with serum lipid levels in healthy middle-aged men. Alcohol & Alcoholism 43(3): 274-280 https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agn005
  66. Yang JL, Chun JH, Lee SH, Song YO, Song YS (2001): A study on dietary intake pattern and risk factors of atherosclerosis in Korean healthy adults by dietary survey. J Korean Soc Food Sci 30(1): 168-174
  67. Yoo CK, Jeong YJ, Cho YC (2003): Properties of blood pressure and routine laboratory test results by the status of smoking and alcohol intakes in male workers. J Korean Soc Health Education and Promotion 20(1): 131-145
  68. Yoo S, Nicklas T, Baranowski T, Zakeri IF, Yang SJ, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS (2004): Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 80: 841-848
  69. Yoo SL, Kim KH, Kim KK, Kim JH (2005): Trends of smoking attributable mortality in Korea. Health & Social Science 17(6): 133-148