Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Protulaca Oleracea on the LPS-stimulated AGS Cells

  • Kim, Chae-Hyun (Department of Prescription, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University) ;
  • Park, Pyeong-Beom (Department of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Woosuk University) ;
  • Choe, Seung-Ryeol (Department of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Woosuk University) ;
  • Kim, Tae-Heon (Department of Anatomy, College of Oriental Medicine, Woosuk University) ;
  • Jeong, Jong-Kil (Department of Prescription, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University) ;
  • Lee, Kwang-Gyu (Department of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Woosuk University) ;
  • Lee, Chang-Hyun (Department of Anatomy, College of Oriental Medicine, Woosuk University) ;
  • Jeong, Han-Sol (Department of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Woosuk University)
  • Published : 2009.04.25

Abstract

Protulaca oleracea, a widely distributed weed, has been reported to exhibit different health promoting effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of P. oleracea on LPS-stimulated AGS cells. The cytotoxicity of P. oleracea in AGS cells was examined by MTT assay. The anti-oxidative effects of P. oleracea were examined by DPPH assay. RT-PCR was carried out to examine the effect of P. oleracea in the mRNA expression of different inflammatory mediators. MTT assay revealed that P. oleracea have almost no cytotoxity in AGS cells. DPPH radical scavenging activities were better than butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). The mRNA expression of different endogenous anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD2, GPx3 and catalase) were preserved by P. oleracea in AGS cells. The nitric oxide production and expression of iNOS in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 were suppressed in P. oleracea treated groups. Based on these findings, P. oleracea has protective anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Keywords

References

  1. Lim, Y.Y., Quah. Antioxidant properties of different cultivars of Portulaca oleracea. Food chemistry pp 734-740, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.025
  2. Isin, Y., Ismail, T., Askim, H.S., Tijien, D. Salinity tolerance of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is achieved by enhanced antioxidative system, lower level of lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation. Environmental and Experimental Botany pp 49-57, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.02.010
  3. Chen, J., Shi, Y.P., Liu, J.Y. Determination of noradrenaline and dopamine herbal extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. by high-performance lipid chromatography. Journal of chromatography A pp 127-132, 2003
  4. Park, J.S., Kim, K.U., Lee, Y.D. Physio-Ecological Characteristics of Portulaca oleracea L. Korean Journal of Weed Science 8: 23-27, 1988
  5. Yazici, I., Turkan, I., Sekmen, A.H., Demiral, T. Salinity tolerance of lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation. Environmental and Experimental Botany pp 49-57, 2007
  6. Liu, L., Howe, P., Zhou, Y.F., Xu, Z.Q., Hocart, C., Zhang, R. Fatty acids and β-carotene in Australian purslane (Portulaca oleracea) varieties. Journal of Chromatography A pp 207-213, 2000
  7. Mondal, S.K., Chakraborty, G., Gupta, M., Mazumder, U.K. In vitro antioxidant activity of Diospyros malabarica Kostel bark. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 44: 39-44, 2006
  8. Li, X., Wang, H. Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 12: 276-281, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ackd.2005.03.007
  9. Sin, M.K. Clinical Traditional Herbalogy, Seoul. Younglimsa pp 417-418, 2002
  10. Zheng, H.Z., Hong, D.Z., She, J. Modern study of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Beijing, Xue Yuan Press pp 753-761, 1997
  11. Teng, J.L., Cui, H. Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, People's Medical Publishing House p 65, 2007
  12. Ahn, D.K. Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Plant; kyo-hak publishing Co. p 66, 2003
  13. Zhang, X.J., Ji, Y.B., Qu, Z.Y., Xia, J.C., Wang, L. Experimental studies on antibiotic functions of Portulaca oleracea L. in vitro. Chinese J. Microecol 14: 277-280, 2002
  14. Sakai, N., Inada, K., Okamoto, M., Shizuri, Y., Fukuyama, Y. Portuloside A, a monoterpene glucoside from Portulaca Oleracea. Phytochemistry 42: 1625-1628, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00202-6
  15. Chan, K., Islam, M.W., Kamil, M., Radhakrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N.M., Habibullah, M., Attas, A. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. sativa (Haw.) Celak. J. Ethnopharmacol. 73: 445-451, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00318-4
  16. Parry, O., Marks, J.A., Okwuasaba, F. The skeletal muscle relaxant action of Portulaca oleracea: role of potassium ions. J. Ethnopharmacol. 40: 187-194, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90067-F
  17. Habtemariam, S., Harvey, A.L., Waterman, P.G. The muscle relaxant properties of Portulaca oleracea are associated with high concentrations of potassium ions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 40: 195-200, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90068-G
  18. Parry, O., Okwuasaba, F.K., Ejike, C. Skeletal muscle relaxant action of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in the rat. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 19: 247-253, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90002-X
  19. Rashed, A.N., Afifi, F.U., Disi, A.M. Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L. (growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1. J. Ethnopharmacol. 88: 131-136, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00194-6
  20. Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture pp 144-158, 1965
  21. Pihan, G., Regillo, C., Szabo, S. Free radicals and lipid peroxidation in ethanol- and aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. Dig Dis Sci 32: 1395-1401, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01296666
  22. Awad, N.E. Lipid content and antimicrobial activity of phenolic constituents of cultivated Portulaca oleracea L. Bull. Fac. Pharm. Cairo Univ. 32: 137-142, 1994
  23. Sakai, N., Inada, K., Okamoto, M., Shizuri, Y., Fukuyama, Y. Portuloside A, a monoterpene glucoside from Portulaca oleracea. Phytochemistry 42: 1625-1628, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00202-6
  24. G. Villarreal, J.Z., Wahl, S.M. Inflammation: Acute. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences pp 1-8, 2001
  25. Na, H.J., Lee, G., Oh, H.Y., Jeon, K.S., Kwon, H.J., Ha, K.S., Lee, H., Kwon, Y.G., Kim, Y.M. 4-O-Methylgallic acid suppresses inflammation-associated gene expression by inhibition of redox-based NF-kappa B activation. Int. Immunopharmacol. 6: 1597-1608, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2006.06.004
  26. Fridovich, I. Biological effects of superoxide radical. Arch Biochem Biophy 247: 1-11, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(86)90526-6
  27. Florian L.M., Michael S.L., Youngmok J., Arlan R. Holly V.R. Trends in oxidative aging theories. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 43(4):477-503, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.034
  28. Garti, N., Slavin, Y., Aserin, A. Surface and emulsification properties of a new gum extracted from Portulaca oleracea L. Food Hydrocolloids 13: 145-155, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(98)00082-4
  29. Mannick, E.E., Bravo, L.E., Zarama, G., Realpe, J.L., Zhang, X.J., Ruiz, B., Fontham, E.T.H., Mera, R., Miller, M.J.S., Correa, P. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: effect of antibiotics and antioxidants. Cancer Res. 56: 3238-3243, 1996
  30. Tatemichi, M., Ogura, T., Nagata, H., Esumi, H. Enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. J Clin Gastroenterol. 27(3):240-245, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-199810000-00012
  31. Baeuerle, P.A., Baltimore, D. NF-$\kappa{B}$: Ten years after. Cell 87: 13, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81318-5
  32. Babcock, T.A., Helton, W.S., Hong, D., Espat, N.J. Omega-3 fatty acid lipid emulsion reduces LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-$\alpha$ production. Surg Inf 3: 145-149, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1089/109629602760105817
  33. Abas, F., Lajis, N.H., Israf, D.A., Khozirah, S., Kalsom, Y.U. Antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibition activities of selected Malay traditional vegetables. Food Chemistry pp 566-573, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.01.034