Journal of Life Science (생명과학회지)

Korean Society of Life Science (한국생명과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Steam Flaking of Corns imported from USA and India on the in vitro Fermentation Characteristic and the Mycotixin Contents of Logistic Processing Line

미국산과 인도산 옥수수의 steam flaking 처리가 공정라인별 mycotoxin 함량의 변화와 in vitro 발효 특성에 미치는 영향

  • Lee, Shin-Ja (Division of Applied Life Science(BK 21 Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Lee, Ji-Hun (Division of Applied Life Science(BK 21 Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Shin, Nyeon-Hak (Division of Applied Life Science(BK 21 Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Han, Jung-Hun (Division of Applied Life Science(BK 21 Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Hyun, Jong-Hwan (Division of Applied Life Science(BK 21 Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Moon, Yea-Hwang (Department of Animal Sci. & Biotech., Jinju National University) ;
  • Lee, Sung-Sill (Division of Applied Life Science(BK 21 Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University)
  • 이신자 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21)) ;
  • 이지훈 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21)) ;
  • 신년학 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21)) ;
  • 한정훈 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21)) ;
  • 현종환 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21)) ;
  • 문여황 (진주산업대학교 동물생명과학과) ;
  • 이성실 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21))
  • Published : 2009.01.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of steam flaking treatment of corn grains imported from USA and India on in vitro gas production, microbial growth and contents of aflatoxin $B_1$ and ochratoxin A. Each treatment was composed of total 4 treatments including (1) USCW (US com-whole type), (2) USCF (US corn-flaked type), (3) IDCW (India corn-whole type) and (4) IDCF (India orn-flaked type) with 4 replications $\times$ 6 incubation times (3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 hr). Mycotoxin (aflatoxin $B_1$ & ochratoxin A) contents in test corns tended to increase gradually with increasing logistics periods from the harbor, hopper, silo to processing line. The contents of aflatoxin $B_1$ in India corn (IDCW) and US corn (USCW) were 11.71 and 1.78 ppb, respectively when measured at the hopper. After steam flaking, both contents of aflatoxin $B_1$ in USCW and IDCW were 0.00 ppb. It means that Aspergillus flavus could be decreased by steam flaking. However, this trend was not observed in ochratoxin content. The gas production rate of USA corns (USCW & USCF) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than India corns (IDCW & IDCF), and that of steam flaked corns (USCF & IDCF) was higher $1.5{\sim}2%$ than whole corns (USCW & IDCW) after 3 hr incubation in in vitro experiment. pH value was optimally maintained for microbial growth during whole incubation times with the value of 6.05 to 6.54, and was not significantly different between treatments, but USCF was somewhat lower than other treatments. pH value decreased following 12 hr of incubation but gas production increased rapidly during the same period. In addition, in vitro microbial growth rates also increased with up to 18 hr of incubation period, thereafter experienced a decrease with extended incubation time. In conclusion, US corn was superior to India corn by origin based on the results of in vitro and mycotoxin contents. And steam flaking process of imported corns tended to decrease mycotoxin contents such as aflatoxin $B_1$ and ochratoxin A as well as improve in vitro gas production and microbial growth rates.

본 연구는 미국산 옥수수와 인도산 옥수수의 steam flaking 처리가 in vtro 가스발생량과 미생물 성장량 그리고 곰팡이 독소 aflatoxin $B_1$과 ochratoxin A의 농도에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실험 설계는 4개의 처리구, (1) USCW (미국산 무처리 옥수수), (2) USCF (미국산 steam flaking 옥수수 ), (3) IDCW (인도산 무처리 옥수수) 그리고 (4) IDCF (인도산 steam flaking 옥수수), 처리구당 4반복으로 6개의 발효시간대(3, 6, 9, 12, 18 및 24)를 두고 in vitro 실험을 수행하였다. 공시한 옥수수중 aflatoxin $B_1$이나 ochratoxin A와 같은 곰팡이 독소의 함량은 항구, hopper, 사일로 그리고 가공 전까지 보관기간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 공정라인별로 곰팡이 독소를 측정한 결과 입고 시 인도산 옥수수(IDCW)와 미국산 옥수수 (USCW)의 aflatoxin $B_1$ 수치는 각각 11.71 ppb와 1.78 ppb으로 나타났지만 steam flaking 후의 aflatoxin $B_1$ 함량은 USCW 구와 IDCW구에서 전혀 검출되지 않아(0.00 ppb) steam flaking 처리가 곰팡이 Aspergillus flavus를 감소시킬 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나 이러한 경향은 ochratoxin A 함량에서 관찰되지 않았다. In vitro 실험에서 gas 발생량은 원산지별로는 미국산 옥수수 (USCW & USCF)가 인도산 옥수수 (IDCW & IDCF) 보다 유의적으로 높았으며 가공 처리별로는 steam flaking 처리한 옥수수가 알곡 옥수수보다 발효 3시간대를 기준으로 $1.5{\sim}2%$ 정도 높았다. 배양액 중의 pH 는 $6.05{\sim}6.54$의 범위로서 미생물이 성장하기에 적정한 pH를 유지하였으며 처리 구간에 유의적인 차이는 찾아 볼 수 없었으나 USCF구의 pH가 다른구에 비해 다소 낮았다. pH는 배양 12 시간까지 감소하였으며 이 시간 중에 가스 발생량은 급격히 증가하였다. In vitro 미생물 성장량도 발효 18시간까지 증가하다가 그 이후 시간대에서는 성장량이 증체를 보이거나 오히려 감소하는 경향이었다. 결론적으로 원산지별로는 in vitro 실험결과와 곰팡이 독소 함량을 기준으로, 미국산 옥수수가 인도산 옥수수보다는 품질이 훨씬 높았으며, 수입산 옥수수의 steam flaking 처리는 invitro 가스발생량 및 미생물 성장량을 개선 시킬 뿐만 아니라, aflatoxin $B_1$이나 ochratoxin A와 같은 곰팡이 독소를 감소시키는 역할을 하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. AOAC. 1995. Official methods of analytical chemists., Washington, D.C., U.S.A
  2. Beauchemin, K. A., T. A. McAllister, Y. Dong, B. I. Farr, K. H. Chen, J. T. Huber, C. B. Theurer, R. S. Swingle, J. Simas, S. C. Chan, Z. Wu and J. L. Sullivan. 1994. Effect of steam flaking of corn and sorghum grains on performance of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 1038-1043 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77039-9
  3. Behnke, K. C. 1994. Factors affecting pellet qulity. Maryland Nutrition Conference. Dept. of Poultry Science and Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland, College Park
  4. Blaxter, K. L. 1989. Energy metabolism in animal and man. Cambridge University press, New York
  5. Blaxter, K. L. and J. L. Clapperton. 1965. Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants. Br. J. Nutr. 19, 511-522 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19650046
  6. Bryant, M. P. and L. A. Burkey. 1953. Cultural methods and some characteristics of some of the more numerous groups of bacteria in the bovine rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 36, 205-217 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(53)91482-9
  7. Chae, B. J., H. I. Kang, Y. K. Chang, I. K. Han, J. K. Kim, W. T. Cho and M. S. Shim. 1998. The Effect of Corn Practice Size and Pellet Size on Growth and Carcass Traits in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Kor. J. Anim. Nutr. Feed. 22, 81-86
  8. Cole, N. A., R. R. Johnson and F. N. Owens. 1976. Influence of roughage level and corn processing method on the site and extent of digestion by beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 43, 490-496
  9. Dehority, B. A. and H. W. Scott. 1967. Extent of cellulose and hemicellulose digestion in various forage by pure cultures of rumen bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 50, 1136-1141 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(67)87579-9
  10. Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11, 1-42 https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478
  11. Ferorak, P. M. and S. E. Hrwdey. 1983. A simple apparatus for measuring gas production by methanogenic cultures in serum bottles. Environ. Technol. Lett. 4, 425-432 https://doi.org/10.1080/09593338309384228
  12. Galyean, M. L., D. G. Wagner and F. N. Owens. 1979. Corn particle size and site and extent of digestion by steers. J. Anim. Sci. 49, 199
  13. Hale, W. H. 1973. Influence of processing on the utilization of grains (strarch) by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 37, 1075-1080
  14. Hart, S. P. and H. A. Glimp. 1991. Effect of diet composition and feed intake level on diet digestibility and ruminal metabolism in growing lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 69, 1636-1644 https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90140-6
  15. Healy, B. J., J. D. Hancock, G. A. Kennedy, P. J. Bramel-Cox, K. C. Behnke and R. H. Hines. 1994. Optimum particle size of corn and hard and soft sorghum for nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72, 2227-2236
  16. Hejazi, S., F. L. Fluharty, J. E. Perley, S. C. Loerch and G. D. Lowe. 1999. Effects of corn processing and dietary fiber source on feedlot performance, visceral organ weigh, diet digestibility, and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 77, 507-515
  17. Hixon, D. L., E. E. Hatfied and P. E. Lamb. 1969. Comparison of whole shelled corn with cracked corn in cattle finishing diets. J. Anim. Sci. 29, 161
  18. Johnson, D. E., J. K. Matsushima and K. L. Knox. 1968. Utilization of flaked vs cracked corn by steers with observations on starch modification. J. Anim. Sci. 27, 1431-1437
  19. Kamimura, H. 1993. Problems with mycotoxin in food sanitation. pp. 10, Hyogo International Center Japan International Cooperation Agency
  20. Kim, T. M., Y. M. Choi, Y. S. Song, M. J. Seong, J. H. Kim, S. J. Lee, C. B. Park, J. T. Hong, D. J. Kim, J. K. Kang and Y. W. Yun. 2002. Relative toxicities of aflatoxins for carcinogenic risk assessment. The Annual Report of KNTP. 1, 127-143
  21. Kinsler, T. W., E. F. Davis and M. G. Bolton. 1993. Strategies for chemoprevention against aflatoxin-induced liver cancer. pp. 281-306, In Eaton, D. L., J. D. Groopman (eds.), The Toxicology of Aflatoxins. Academin Press, New York, USA
  22. Lee, R. W., M. L. Galyean and G. P. Lofgreen. 1982. Effects of mixing whole shelled and steam-flaked corn in finishing diets on feedlot performance and site and extent of digestion in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 55, 475-583
  23. MacDougall, E. I. 1948. Studies on ruminant saliva. Ⅰ. The composition and output of sheep' saliva. Biochem. J. 43, 99-109
  24. McAllister, T. A., L. M. Rode, D. J. Major, K. J. Cheng and J. G. Buchan-smith. 1990. Effect of ruminal microbial colonization on cereal grain digestion. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 70, 571-579 https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-069
  25. Ministry of Agriculture. 2005. pp. 222, Feed management statute book
  26. Moe, P. W. and H. F. Tyrrell. 1979. Methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy. Sci. 62, 1583-1586 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83465-7
  27. Moore, J. E. 1970. Procedures for the two-stage in vitro digestion of forages. 3. pp. 5001-5003, In Harris, L. E. (ed.), Nutrition research techniques for domestic and wild animals, Vol. 1, Utah State Univ., Logan, UT
  28. Mould, F. L., E. R. Orskov and S. O. Mann. 1984. Associative effects of mixed feeds. Ⅰ. effects of type and lever of supplementation and the influence of the rumen fluid pH on cellulolysis in vivo and dry matter digestion of various roughages. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 10, 15-30 https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(83)90003-2
  29. Nocek, J. E. 1988. In situ and other methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility, A review. J. Dairy Sci. 71, 2051-2069 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79781-7
  30. Oltjen, R. R., P. A. Putnam, Jr. E. E. Williams and R. E. Davis. 1966. Wheat versus corn in all concentrate cattle rations. J. Anim. Sci. 25, 1000-1004
  31. Owens, F. N., R. Y. Raney and J. C. Trembiay. 1986. Influence of lebel of feed intake and roughage on small intestinal digestion and passage in steers. Okia. Agic. Exp. Stn. Anim. Sci. Res Rep. Mp. 118, 161
  32. Park, C. H., H. Y. Oh, O. S. Heo, S. J. Sohn, E. S. Han, J. W. Kim, M. O. Eom. 1997. Safety evaluation of natural toxin. The Annual Report of Korea Food & Drug Administration. 1, 431
  33. Phillips, J. 1995. Productivity enhancer information (the smaller the pellet the bigger the pig). Pork ontario section of Farm and Country magazine. 60, 7
  34. Ramirez, R. G., H. E. Kiesling, M. L. Galyean, G. P. Lofgreen and J. K. Elliott. 1985. Influence of steam-flaked, steamed-whole or whole shelled corn on performance and digestion in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 61, 1-8
  35. Reinhardt, C. D., Jr. R. T. Brandt, T. P. Eck and E. C. Titgemeyer. 1998. Performance, digestion, and mastication efficiency of Holstein steers fed whole or processed corn in limit- or full-fed growing-finishing systems. J. Anim. Sci. 76, 1778-1788
  36. Russell, J. B., W. M. Schcarp and R. L. Baldwin. 1979. The effect of pH on maximum bacterial growth rate and of bacterial competition in the rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 48, 251-255
  37. SAS. 1999. SAS/STAT guide for personal computers @8.01. SAS Inst., Gary., NC., USA
  38. Schwarzenbach, R. P., P. M. Gschwend and D. M. Imboden. 1993. Environmental Organic Chemistry. pp. 681. John Willey & Sons, New York
  39. Sharp, W. M., R. R. Johnson and F. N. Owen. 1982. Ruminal VFA production with steers fed whole or ground corn grain. J. Anim. Sci. 55, 1505-1514 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80425-4
  40. Shibata, M., F. Tereda, K. Iwasaki, M. Kurihara and T. Nishida. 1992. Methane production in heifers, sheep and goats consuming diets of various hay-concentrate ratios. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn.) 3, 1221-1227
  41. Smith, J. E. and M. O. Moss. 1985. Mycotoxins, formation, analysis and significance. pp. 148. New York: John Wiley & Sons
  42. Son, K. N., Y. K. Kim, S. K. Lee and H. S. Kim. The Effects of Processing Methods of Corn on In vitro DM Digestability and In sacco Degradability in the Rumen. 2003. J. Anim. Sci. & Technol. (Kor.) 45, 433-442 https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2003.45.3.433
  43. Theurer, C. B. 1986. Grain processing effects on starch utilization by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 63, 1649-1662 https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00878-0
  44. Tilley, J. M. A. and R. A. Terry. 1963. A two-sage technique for the in vitro digesiton of forage crops. J. Brit. Grassl. Soc. 18, 104-111 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1963.tb00335.x
  45. Trei, J., W. H. Hale and B. Theurer. 1966. Influence of grain processing factors on the in vitro fermentation rate. pp 34. Ariz. Cattle Feeders Day, Tuscon
  46. Vance, R. D., R. L. Preston, E. W. Klosterman and V. R. Cahill. 1972. Utilization of whole shelled and crimped corn grain with varying proportions of corn silage by growing-finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 35, 598-605
  47. Wondra, K. J., J. D. Hancock, K. C. Behnke and C. R. Stark. 1995b. Effects of mill type and particle size uniformity on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 2364-2573
  48. Wondra, K. J., J. D. Hancock, K. C. Behnke, R. H. Hines and C. R. Stark. 1995a. Effects of particle size and pelleting on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 757-763 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01005-X
  49. Zinn, R. A. 1987. Influence of lasalocid and monensin plus tyrosine on comparative feeding value of steam-flaked versus dry-rolled corn in diets for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 65, 256-266
  50. Zinn, R. A. 1990. Influence of flake density on the comparative feeding value of steam-flaked corn for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 68, 776-781
  51. Zinn, R. A., C. F. Adams and M. S. Tamayo. 1995. Interaction of feed intake level on comparative ruminal and total tract digestion of dryrolled and steam-flaked corn. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 1239-1245
  52. Zinn, R. A., F. N. Owen and R. A. Ware. 2002. Flaking corn: processing mechanics, quality standards, and impacts on energy availability and performance of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 1145-1156

Cited by

  1. Effects of spent mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) substrates on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and digestibility of whole crop sorghum silage vol.13, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.14480/JM.2015.13.3.163
  2. Chemical Composition and Ruminal in situ Degradability of Spent Flammulina Velutipes Mushroom Substrates Fermented by Supplemental levels of Molasses vol.48, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2014.48.4.165