Antioxidative Activities and Antiaging Effects of Geranium nepalense Extracts

현초 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 항노화에 관한 연구

  • Lee, Keun-Ha (Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Technology) ;
  • Park, Soo-Nam (Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Technology)
  • 이근하 (서울산업대학교 정밀화학과) ;
  • 박수남 (서울산업대학교 정밀화학과)
  • Published : 2008.03.31

Abstract

In this study, the antioxidative effects and inhibitory effects on elastase and tyrosinase of Geranium nepalense extracts were investigated. The free radical(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of extract/fractions of Geranium nepalense were in the order: 50% ethanol extract(15.0 ${\mu}g/mL$)${\mu}g/mL$). ${\mu}g/mL$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities($OSC_{50}$) of some Geranium nepalense extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescense assay. The order of ROS scavenging activities were 50% ethanol extract($OSC_{50},\;0.23{\mu}g/mL$)${\mu}g/mL$)${\mu}g/mL$). Deglycosylated flavonoid fraction showed the most prominent scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract/fractions of Geranium nepalense on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The Geranium nepalense extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner, particularly deglycosylated flavonoid fraction exhibited the most prominent celluar protective effect (${\tau}_{50}$, 676.7 min at 50 ${\mu}g/mL$). The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction on tyrosinase($IC_{50}$, 70.0 ${\mu}g/mL$) and elastase ($IC_{50}$, 19.9 ${\mu}g/mL$) was very high. Aglycone fractions obtained from the deglycosylation reaction of ethyl-acetate fraction among the Geranium nepalense extracts, showed 2 bands in TLC and 2 peaks in HPLC experiments (370 nm). Two components were identified as quercetin(composition ratio, 15.3%), kaempferol(82.8%). These results indicate that extract/fractions of Geranium nepalense can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. And component analysis of Geranium nepalense extract and inhibitory activity on elastase of the aglycone fraction could be applicable to new functional cosmetics for smoothing wrinkles.

본 연구에서는 현초 추출물의 항산화, 성분 분석 및 elastase와 tyrosinase 저해효과에 관한 실험을 수행하였다. Free radical(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) 소거활성($FSC_{50}$)은 50% 에탄올 추출물(15.0 ${\mu}g/mL$)${\mu}g/mL$)<당을 제거시킨 플라보노이드 aglycone 분획(0.9 ${\mu}g/mL$) 순으로 증가하였다. Luminol-의존성 화학발광법을 이용하여 $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$계에서 생성된 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)에 대한 현초 추출물의 총항산화능은 50% 에탄올 추출물($OSC_{50},\;0.23{\mu}g/mL$) ${\mu}g/mL$)${\mu}g/mL$)순으로, aglycone 추출물에서 가장 큰 활성을 나타내었다. 현초 추출물에 대하여 rose-bengal로 증감된 사람 적혈구의 광용혈에 대한 억제 효과를 측정하였다. 현초 추출물의 경우 농도 의존적($1{\sim}50{\mu}g/mL$)으로 광용혈을 억제하였다. 특히 당을 제거시킨 플라보노이드 aglycone 분획에서 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 ${\tau}_{50}$이 676.7 min으로 매우 큰 세포보호 효과를 나타내었다. Aglycone 분획은 tyrosinase와 elastase 저해활성($IC_{50}$)이 각각 70.0, 19.9 {\mu}g/mL로 매우 큰 활성을 나타내었다. 현초 추출물 중 ethylacetate 분획의 당 제거 반응 후 얻어진 aglycone 분획은 TLC에서 2개의 띠로 분리되었으며 HPLC 실험(370 nm)에서도 2개의 피이크로 분리되었다. 분리된 2가지 성분은 quercetin, kaempferol이었으며, 그들의 성분비는 각각 15.3%, 82.8%로 kaempferol의 함량이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들은 현초 추출물이 $^1O_2$ 혹은 다른 ROS를 소광시키거나 소거함으로써 그리고 ROS에 대항하여 세포막을 보호함으로써 생체계, 특히 태양 자외선에 노출된 피부에서 항산화제로서 작용할 수 있음을 가리키며, 현초 성분에 대한 분석과 ethylactate분획의 당 제거 실험 후 얻어진 aglycone 분획의 큰 elastase 저해활성으로부터 주름개선 기능성 화장품원료로서도 응용 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

Keywords

References

  1. J. C. Fantone and P. A. Ward, Role of oxygen- derived free radicals and metabolites in leukocyte dependent inflammatory reaction, Ann. J. Path., 107, 397 (1982)
  2. K. J. A. Davies, Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radical, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 9895 (1987)
  3. C. S. Foote, Photosensitized oxidation and singlet oxygen; consequences in biological systems, ed. W. A. Pryor, 2, 85, Acdemic press, New York (1976)
  4. S. N. Park, Ph. D. Dissertation, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea (1989)
  5. S. N. Park, Skin aging and antioxidant, J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea, 23, 75 (1997)
  6. S. N. Park, Protective effect of isoflavone, genistein from soybean on singlet oxygen induced photohemolysis of human erythrocytes, Korean J. Food Sci. Technol., 35(3), 510 (2003)
  7. S. N. Park, Antioxidative properties of baicalein, component from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and its application to cosmetics (I), J. Korean Ind. Eng. Chem., 14(5), 657 (2003)
  8. K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, Photoaging of the connective tissue of skin: its prevention and therapy, antioxidants in disease mechanism and therapy, ed. H. Sies, 38, 639 (1997)
  9. R. M. Tyrrell and M. Pidoux, Singlet oxygen involvement in the inactivation of cultured human fibroblast by UVA and near visible radiations, Photochem. Photobiol., 49, 407 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb09187.x
  10. G. F. Vile and R. M. Tyrrell, UVA radiation-induced oxidative damage to lipid and protein in vitro and in human skin fibroblasts is dependent on iron and singlet oxygen, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 18, 721 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(94)00192-M
  11. K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, M. Wlaschek, K. Briviba, and H. Sies, Singlet oxygen induces collagenase expression in human skin fibroblasts, FEBS Lett., 331, 304 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)80357-Z
  12. M. Wlaschek, K. Briviba, G. P. Stricklin, H. Sies, and K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, Singlet oxygen may mediate the ultraviolet A in induced synthesis of interstitial collagenase, J. Invest. Dermatol., 104, 194 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12612751
  13. A. Oikarinen, J. Karvonen, J. Uitto, and M. Hannuksela, Connective tissue alterations in skin exposed to natural and therapeutic UV-radiation, Photodermatology, 2, 15 (1985)
  14. A. Oikarinen and M. Kallioinen, A biochemical and immunohistochemical study of collagen in sun-exposed and protected skin, Photodermatology, 6, 24 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.1989.tb00262.x
  15. L. H. Kligman, UVA induced biochemical changes in hairless mouse skin collagen: a contrast to UVB effects, ed. F. Urbach, 209, Valdemar, Overland Park (1992)
  16. J. W. Choi, S. I. Kim, S. M. Jeon, J. Y. Kim, H. J. Yang, K. H. Lee, and S. N. Park, Antioxidative and cellular protective effects of Jeju plant extracts against reactive oxygen species (I), J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea, 32(3), 181 (2006)
  17. H. J. Yang and S. N. Park, Evaluation of antioxidant potential of extract/fractions of Equisetum arense (I), J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea, 33(2), 61 (2007)
  18. H. J. Yang and S. N. Park, Component analysis and study on anti-elastase activity of Equisetum arense (II), J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea, 33(3), 139 (2007)
  19. S. M. Jeon, S. I. Kim, J. Y. Ahn, and S. N. Park, Antioxidtive potenties of extract/fractions of Suaeda asparagoides and Salicornia herbacea extracts (I), J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea, 33(3), 145 (2007)
  20. J. Y. Kim, H. J. Yang, K. H. Lee, S. M. Jeon, Y. J. Ahn, B. R. Won, and S. N. Park, Antioxidative and antiaging effect of Jeju native plant extracts (II), J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea, 33(3), 181 (2007)
  21. M. H. Jung and M. Y. Lee, Effect of Geranii herba water extract on gastric secretion and experimental ulceration in rats, J. Korean Plarm. Sci., 10(4), 1 (1980)
  22. Y. H. Choi, O. H. Kwon, and J. G. Moon, Dyeability and antibacterial activity of the fabrics with Elm-bark extracts, J. Kor. Soc. Dyers & Finishers, 15, 140 (2003)
  23. J. H. Kim and H. J. Yoo, Dyeability and antibacterial activity of fabrics using balsamine extracts, J. Kor. Soc. Dyers & Finishers, 15, 15 (2003)
  24. K. J. Yong, I. H. Kim, and S. W. Nam, Antibacterial and deordorization activities of cotton fabrics by amur cork tree extracts, J. Kor. Soc. Dyers & Finishers, 11, 9 (1999)
  25. S. H. Kim, G. W. Nam, B. Y. Kang, H. K. Lee, S. J. Moon, and I. S. Chang, The effect of kaempferol, quercetin on hyaluronan synthesis stimulation in human keratinocytes (HaCaT), J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea, 33(1), 97 (2005)
  26. R. Fleischmajor, J. S. Perlish, and R. I. Bashey, Human dermal glucosaminoglycans and aging, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 279(2), 265 (1972) https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(72)90142-0
  27. M. O. Longas, C. S. Russell, and X. Y. He, Evidence for structural changes in dermatan sulfate and hyaluronic acid with aging, Carbohydr. Res., 159(1), 127 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(00)90010-7