어파인 변형과 교차참조점을 이용한 강인한 워터마킹 기법

A Robust Watermarking Technique Using Affine Transform and Cross-Reference Points

  • 이항찬 (한성대학 멀티미디어 공학과)
  • 발행 : 2007.03.01

초록

In general, Harris detector is commonly used for finding salient points in watermarking systems using feature points. Harris detector is a kind of combined comer and edge detector which is based on neighboring image data distribution, therefore it has some limitation to find accurate salient points after watermark embedding or any kinds of digital attacks. In this paper, we have used cross reference points which use not data distribution but geometrical structure of a normalized image in order to avoid pointing error caused by the distortion of image data. After normalization, we find cross reference points and take inverse normalization of these points. Next, we construct a group of triangles using tessellation with inversely normalized cross reference points. The watermarks are affine transformed and transformed-watermarks are embedded into not normalized image but original one. Only locations of watermarks are determined on the normalized image. Therefore, we can reduce data loss of watermark which is caused by inverse normalization. As a result, we can detect watermarks with high correlation after several digital attacks.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. S. Bhattacharjee and M. Kutter,'Compression tolerant image authentication', IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, PP. 435-349, 1998
  2. C. Y. Lin and M. Wu et al., 'Rotation, Scale and translation resilient public Watermarking for images,' In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents II, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 3971, 2000
  3. S. Pereira, J.K. Oruanaidh and F. Deguillaume, 'Template based recovery of Fourier-based watermarks using log polar and log-log maps,' IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, vol. 1, pp.870-874, 1999
  4. M. Gruber and K.Y. Hsu, 'Moment-based image normalization with high noise-tolerance,' IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and machine Intelligence, vol. 19, no.2, February, 1997
  5. M. Alghoniemy and A. H. Tewfik, 'Image watermarking by moment invariants', IEEE International conference on Image Processings Vol. 2, pp. 73-76, Jan. 2001
  6. A. Nikolaidis and I. Pitas, 'Robust watermarking of facial images based on salient geometric pattern matching', IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.2, no.3, Sept. 2000
  7. P. Bas, J-M. Chassery and B. Macq, 'Robust Water-marking based on the warping of pre-defined triangular patterns', In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents II, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 3971, 2000
  8. C. Harris and M. Stephens, 'A Combined Corner and Edge Detector', in 4th Alvey Vision Conf. pp.147-151, 1988
  9. P.Bas, J-M. Chassery and F. Davoine,' A Geometrical Frequential WatermarkingScheme Using Similarities', Part of the IS&T/SPIE Conference on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, SPIE Vol. 3657, pp 264- 272, San Jose, California, Jan. 1999
  10. H.C. Lee, 'A Watermark Embedding Technique for Still Images Using Cross Reference Points',The Transactions on KIEE, Vol.55D, No.4, pp 165-172, Apr., 2006
  11. M. Alghoniemy and A. H. Twfik, 'Geometric Distortion Correction through image Normalization', IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Vol.3, pp.1291-1294, 2000
  12. Bum-Soo Kim, Jae-Gark Choi, and Kil-Houm Park, 'Image Normalization Using Invariant Centroid for RST Invariant Digital Image Watermarking', Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2613, pp. 202-211, 2003
  13. Guibas, L. and Stolfi, J., 'Primitives for the Manipulation of General Subdivisions and the Computation of Voronoi Diagrams' ACT TOG, 4(2), April, 1985
  14. Aurenhammer, F. and Klein R., 'Voronoi Diagrams,' Ch. 5 in Handbook of Computational Geometry, Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, pp.201-290, 2000
  15. William B. P. and John L. M, 'JPEG Still Image Compression Standard ch 4',Van Nostrand, New York, 1993
  16. Alasdair M. A., 'Ch 8, Image Restoration', Introduction to Digital Image Processing, Thomson Course Tech., 2004
  17. P. Bas, J-M. Chassery, and B.Macq,'Geometrically Invariant Watermarking Using Feature Points', IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 11, PP. 1014-1028, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2002.801587
  18. B. Geoffrey. Photographic products and methods employing embedded information. Technical Report US patent 5,822,436, Digimarc Corporation, Lake Oswego, April 1996