Design of Nanocomposite Photocatalysts for Solar Hydrogen Production

광화학적 수소제조를 위한 나노복합 광촉매의 설계

  • Jang, Jum Suk (Eco-friendly Catalysis and Energy Laboratory (NRL), Department of Chemical Engineering/School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)) ;
  • Kim, Hyun Gyu (Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)) ;
  • Lee, Jae Sung (Eco-friendly Catalysis and Energy Laboratory (NRL), Department of Chemical Engineering/School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH))
  • 장점석 (포항공과대학교 화학공학과) ;
  • 김현규 (한국기초과학연구원 부산센터) ;
  • 이재성 (포항공과대학교 화학공학과)
  • Received : 2007.07.10
  • Accepted : 2007.07.14
  • Published : 2007.10.31

Abstract

Photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) is the most promising technology to produce $H_2$ energy directly from renewable water and solar light. In spite of the remarkable progress made in the last decade, there are still many technical challenges remaining particularly in finding new photocatalytic materials with high efficiency and durability. This article discusses the application of nanocomposite materials in search of new photocatalytic materials for solar hydrogen production from water. It has been demonstrated that smart combination and modification of known materials and functions could be fruitful approach for the purpose.

광촉매에 의한 수소제조는 재생 가능한 물과 태양에너지로부터 직접적으로 수소에너지를 생산할 수 있는 가장 유망한 기술이다. 지난 수십 년간의 연구에도 불구하고, 고효율과 내구성을 가지는 새로운 가시광 광촉매 소재를 개발하는 것에는 여전히 많은 기술적인 과제가 남아있다. 본 총설에서는 광화학적 수소제조를 위한 새로운 광촉매 소재 개발에 있어서 나노복합 소재의 적용에 대하여 논의하고자 한다. 잘 알려진 소재와 기능의 합리적인 조합과 변형은 가시광 조사 하에 높은 광활성을 가지는 우수한 광촉매를 얻기 위한 효과적인 방법이다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : 과학기술부, 교육인적자원부

References

  1. Fujishima, A. and Honda, K., 'Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode,' Nature, 238(5358), 37-38 (1972) https://doi.org/10.1038/238037a0
  2. Domen, K., Kudo, A. and Onishi, T., 'Mechanism of Photocatalytic Decomposition of Water into $H_2$ and $O_2$ over $NiO-SrTiO_3$', J. Catal., 102(1), 92-98(1986) https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(86)90143-0
  3. Inoue, Y., Asai, Y. and Sato, K., 'Photocatalysts with Tunnel Structures for Decomposition of Water. Part 1. $BaTi_4O_9$, a Pentagonal Prism Tunnel Structure, and Its Combination with Various Promoters,' J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 90(5), 797-802(1994) https://doi.org/10.1039/ft9949000797
  4. Kudo, A. and Kato, H., 'Photocatalytic Decomposition of Water into $H_2$ and $O_2$ over Novel Photocatalyst $K_3Ta_3Si_2O_{13}$ with Pillared Structure Consisting of Three $TaO_6$ Chains,' Chem. Lett., 20(9), 867-868(1997)
  5. Sakata, T., in Serpone, N. and Pelizzetti, E.(Ed.), Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley, New York(1989)
  6. Naman, S. A., Ahwi, S. M. and Al-Emara, K., 'Hydrogen Production from the Splitting of $H_2S$ by Visible Light Irradiation of Vanadium Sulfides Dispersion loaded with $RuO_2$,' Inter. J. Hydrogen Energy, 11(1), 33-38(1986) https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(86)90106-0
  7. Tambwekar, S. V. and Subrahmanyam, M., 'Photocatalytic Generation of Hydrogen from Hydrogen Sulfide: An Energy Bargain,' Inter. J. Hydrogen Energy, 22(10-11), 959-965(1997) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(97)00002-5
  8. Jang, J. S., Li, W., Oh, S. H. and Lee, J. S., 'Fabrication of $CdS/TiO_2$ Nano-Bulk Composite Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production from Aqueous $H_2S$ Solution under Visible Light,' Chem. Phys. Lett., 425(4-6), 278-282(2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2006.05.031
  9. Koca, M. and Sahin, M., 'Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Direct Sun Light from Sulfide/Sulfite Solution,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 27(4), 363-367(2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(01)00133-1
  10. Wu, J., Lin, J. M., Shu, Y. B. and Sato, T., 'Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of Layered $HNbWO_6/(Pt,\;Cd_{0.8}Zn_{0.2}S)$ Nanocomposites,' J. Mater Chem., 11(12), 3343-3347(2001) https://doi.org/10.1039/b103838a
  11. Frank, A. J. and Honda, K., 'Visible-Light-Induced Water Cleavage and Stabilization of n-Type CdS to Photocorrosion with Surface-Attached Polypyrrole-Catalyst Coating,' J. Phys. Chem., 86(11), 1933-1935(1982) https://doi.org/10.1021/j100208a005
  12. Lee, J. S., 'Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Visible Light with Particulate,' Catal. Survey from Asia, 9(4), 217-227(2004)
  13. Abe, R., Sayama, K. and Sugihara, H., 'Development of New Photocatalytic Water Splitting into $H_2$ and $O_2$ using Two Different Semiconductor Photocatalysts and a Shuttle Redox Mediator $IO^{3-}/I^-$,' J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(33), 16052-16061(2005) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp052848l
  14. Abe, R., Sayama, K., Domen, K. and Arakawa, H., 'A New Type of Water Splitting System Composed of Two Different $TiO_2$ Photocatalysts (Anatase, Rutile) and a $IO_3/I$ Shuttle Redox Mediator,' Chem. Phys. Lett., 344(3-4), 339-344(2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00790-4
  15. Sayama, K., Mukasa, K., Abe, R., Abe, Y. and Arakawa, H., 'Stoichiometric Water Splitting into $H_2$ and $O_2$ using a Mixture of Two Different Photocatalysts and an $IO^{3-}/I^-$ Shuttle Redox Mediator under Visible Light Irradiation,' Chem. Commun., (23), 2416-2417(2001)
  16. Wu, J., Uchida, S., Fujishiro, Y., Yin, S. and Sata, T., 'Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of $HTaWO_6/(Pt,TiO_2)$ and $HTaWO_6/(Pt,\;Fe_2O_3)$ Nanocomposites,' Inter. J. Inorg. Mater., 1(3-4), 253-258(1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-0176(99)00002-2
  17. Jang, J. S., Kim, H. G., Reddy, V. R., Bae, S. W., Ji, S. N. and Lee, J. S., 'Photocatalytic Water Splitting over Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Intercalated in $HTiNb(Ta)O_5$ Layered Compounds,' J. Catal., 231(1), 213-222(2005) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2005.01.026
  18. Barbeni, M., Pelizzetti, E., Borgarello, E., Serpone, N., Graetzel, M., Balducci, L. and Visca, M., 'Hydrogen from Hydrogen Sulfide Cleavage. Improved Efficiencies via Modification of Semiconductor Particulates,' Inter. J. Hydrogen Energy, 10(4), 249-53(1985) https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(85)90095-3
  19. Nojik, A. J., 'p-n Photoelectrolysis Cells,' Appl. Phys. Lett., 29(3), 150-153(1976) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.89004
  20. Khaselev, O. and Turner, J. A., 'A Monolithic Photovoltaic-Photoelectrochemical Device for Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting,' Science, 280(5362), 425-427(1998) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5362.425
  21. Kim, H. G., Hwang, D. W. and Lee, J. S., 'An Undoped, Single-Phase Oxide Photocatalyst Working under Visible Light,' J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126(29), 8912-8913(2004) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja049676a
  22. Matsumoto, Y., 'Energy Positions of Oxide Semiconductors and Photocatalysis with Iron Complex Oxides,' J. Sol. Stat. Chem., 126(2), 227-234(1996) https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1996.0333
  23. Kim, H. G., Borse, P. H., Choi, W. and Lee, J. S., 'Photocatalytic Nanodiodes for Visible-Light Photocatalysis,' Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44(29), 4585-4589(2005) https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200500064
  24. Asahi, R., Morikawa, T., Ohwaki, T., Aoki, K. and Taga, Y., 'Visible-Light Photocatalysis in Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Oxides,' Science, 293(5528), 269-271(2001) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061051
  25. Kim, H. G., Jeong, E. D., Borse, P. H., Jeon, S., Yong, K., Lee, J. S., Li, W. and Oh, S. H., 'Photocatalytic Ohmic Layered Nanocomposite for Efficient Utilization of Visible Light Photons,' Appl. Phys. Lett., 89(6), 064103/01-03(2006)
  26. Hwang, D. W., Kim, J., Park, T. J. and Lee, J. S., 'Mg-Doped $WO_3$ as a Novel Photocatalyst for Visible Light-Induced Water Splitting,' Catal. Lett., 80(1-2), 53-57(2002) https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015375722355
  27. Kojima, I. and Kurahashi, M., 'Application of Asymmetrical Gaussian/Lorentzian Mixed Function for X-ray Photoelectron Curve Synthesis,' J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 42(2), 177-181(1987) https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(87)85018-1
  28. White, J. R. and Bard, A. J., 'Electrochemical Investigation of Photocatalysis at CdS Suspensions in the Presence of Methylviologen,' J. Phys. Chem., 89(10), 1947-1954(1985) https://doi.org/10.1021/j100256a027
  29. Roy, A. M., De, G. C., Sasmal, N. and Bhattacharyya, S. S., 'Determination of the Flatband Potential of Semiconductor Particles in Suspension by Photovoltage Measurement,' Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy, 20(8), 627-630(1995) https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(94)00105-9
  30. Linkous, C. A., Muradov, N. Z. and Ramser, S. N., 'Consideration of Reactor Design for Solar Hydrogen Production from Hydrogen Sulfide using Semiconductor Particulates,' Inter. J. Hydrogen Energy, 20(9), 701-709(1995) https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(94)00127-L
  31. Jang, J. S., Choi, S. H., Park, H., Choi, W. and Lee, J. S., 'A Composite Photocatalyst of CdS Nanoparticles Deposited on $TiO_2$ Nanosheets,' J. Nanosci. & Nanotech., 6(11), 3642-3646(2006) https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.073
  32. Zou, Z., Ye, J., Sayama, K. and Arakawa, H., 'Direct Splitting of Water under Visible Light Irradiation with an Oxide Semiconductor Photocatalyst,' Nature, 414(6864), 625-627(2001) https://doi.org/10.1038/414625a
  33. Kato, H. and Kudo, A., 'Photocatalytic Activities of $TiO_2$ and $SrTiO_3$ Photocatalysts Codoped with Antimony and Chromium,' J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(19), 5029-5034(2002) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0255482
  34. Hwang, D. W., Kim, H. G., Lee, J. S., Kim, J., Li, W. and Oh, S. H., 'Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Water over MDoped $La_2Ti_2O_7$ (M=Cr, Fe) under Visible Light Irradiation (${\lambda}{\geq}420$ nm),' J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(6), 2093-2102(2005) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0493226
  35. Jang, J. S., Ji, S. M., Bae, S. W., Son, H. C. and Lee, J. S., 'Optimization of $CdS/TiO_2$ Nano-Bulk Composite Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production from $Na_2S/Na_2SO_3$ Aqueous Electrolyte Solution under Visible Light (${\lambda}{\geq}420$ nm),' J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, Chem., 188(1), 112-119(2007) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.11.027
  36. Jang, J. S., Choi, S. H., Shin, N., Yu, C. and Lee, J. S., '$AgGaS_2$-type Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production under Visible Light: Effects of Post-synthetic $H_2S$ Treatment,' J. Sol. Stat. Chem., 180(3), 1110-1118(2007) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2007.01.008
  37. Jang, J. S., Hwang, D. W. and Lee, J. S., '$CdS-AgGaS_2$ Photocatalytic Diodes for Hydrogen Production from Aqueous $Na_2S/Na_2SO_3$ Electrolyte Solution under Visible Light (${\lambda}{\geq}420$ nm),' Catal. Today, 120(2), 174-181(2007) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2006.07.052