References
- Alexander, D. C. and S. E. Jensen. 1998. Investigation of the Streptomyces clavuligerus cephamycin C gene cluster and its regulation by the CcaR protein. J. Bacteriol. 180: 4068-4079
- Arias, P., M. A. Fernández-Moreno, and F. Malpartida. 1999. Characterization of the pathway-specific positive transcriptional regulator for actinorhodin biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) as a DNA-binding protein. J. Bacteriol. 181: 6958-6968
- Baggaley, K. H., A. G. Brown, and C. J. Schofield. 1997. Chemistry and biosynthesis of clavulanic acid and other clavams. Nat. Prod. Rep. 14: 309-333 https://doi.org/10.1039/np9971400309
-
Buckland, B. C., D. R. Omstead, and V. Santamaria. 1977. Novel
$\beta$ -lactam antibiotics. Comprehensive Biotechnol. 3: 49-67 - Brown, A. G., D. Butterworth, M. Cole, G. Hanscombe, J. D. Hood, C. Reading, and G. N. Robinson. 1976. Naturally occurring beta-lactamase inhibitors with antibacterial activity. J. Antibiot. 29: 668-669 https://doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.29.668
- Chater, K. F. 1993. Genetics of differentiation in Streptomyces. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 47: 685-713 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.47.100193.003345
- Foulstone, M. and C. Reading. 1982. Assay of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, the components of augmentin, in biological fluids with high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 22: 753-762 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.22.5.753
-
Garcia-Dominguez, M., J. F. Martin, B. Mahro, A. L. Demain, and P. Liras. 1987. Efficient plasmid transformation of the
$\beta$ -lactam producer Streptomyces clavuligerus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53: 1376-1381 - Gouveia, E. R., A. Baptista-Neto, A. G. Azevedo, A. C. Badino Jr., and C. O. Hokka. 1999. Improvement of clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus in medium containing soybean derivatives. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15: 623-627 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008942405378
-
Howarth, T. T. and A. Brown. 1976. Clavulanic acid, a novel
$\beta$ -lactam isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus; X-ray crystal structure analysis. J. Chem. Soc. Commun. 266-267 -
Higgens, C. E. and R. E. Kastner. 1971. Streptomyces clavuligerus sp. nov., a
$\beta$ -lactam antibiotic producer. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 21: 326-331 https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-21-4-326 - Hung, T. V. 2005. Application of genetic engineering to enhance clavulanic acid production from Streptomyces clavuligerus NRRL3585. MSc Thesis, Sun Moon University, Asan, Korea
- Ishida, K., T. V. Hung, H. C. Lee, K. Liou, C. H. Shin, Y. J. Yoon, and J. K. Sohng. 2006. Degradation of clavulanic acid during the cultivation of Streptomyces clavuligerus; Instability of clavulanic acid by metabolites and proteins from the strain. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16: 590-596
- Jensen, S. E. and A. S. Paradkar. 1999. Biosynthesis and molecular genetics of clavulanic acid. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 75: 125-133 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001755724055
- Jensen, S. E., A. S. Paradkar, R. H. Mosher, C. Anders, P. H. Beatty, M. J. Brumlik, A. Griffin, and B. Barton. 2004. Five additional genes are involved in clavulanic acid biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 192-202 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.1.192-202.2004
- Kang, S. G., D. H. Lee, A. C. Ward, and K. J. Lee. 1998. Rapid and quantitative analysis of clavulanic acid production by the combination of pyrolysis mass spectrometry and artificial neural network. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8: 523-530
- Kieser, T., M. J. Bibb, M. J. Buttner, K. F. Chater, and D. A. Hopwood. 2000. In: Practical Streptomyces Genetics, pp. 230-249. John Innes Foundation, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Li, R., N. Khaleeli, and C. A. Townsend. 2002. Expansion of the clavulanic acid gene cluster: Identification and in vivo functional analysis of three new genes required for biosynthesis of clavulanic acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus. J. Bacteriol. 182: 4087-4095 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.182.14.4087-4095.2000
- Madduri, K. and C. R. Hutchinson. 1995. Functional characterization and transcriptional analysis of the dnrR1 locus, which controls daunorubicin biosynthesis in Streptomyces peucetius. J. Bacteriol. 177: 1208-1215 https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.177.5.1208-1215.1995
- Marsh, E. N., M. D. T. Chang, and C. A. Townsend. 1992. Two isozymes of clavaminate synthase central to clavulanic acid formation: Cloning and sequencing of both genes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Biochemistry 31: 12648-12657 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00165a015
- Mayer, A. F. and W. D. Deckwer. 1996. Simultaneous production and decomposition of clavulanic acid during Streptomyces clavuligerus cultivations. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 45: 41-46 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530050646
- Mosher, R. H., A. S. Paradkar, C. Anders, B. Barton, and S. E. Jensen. 1999. Genes specific for the biosynthesis of clavam metabolites antipodal to clavulanic acid are clustered with the gene for clavaminate synthase 1 in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 1215-1224
- Paget, M. S., L. Chamberlin, A. Atrih, S. J. Foster, and M. J. Buttner. 1999. Evidence that the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor E is required for normal cell wall structure in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J. Bacteriol. 181: 204-211
- Paradkar, A. S. and S. E. Jensen. 1995. Functional analysis of the gene encoding the clavaminate synthase 2 isoenzyme involved in clavulanic acid biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus. J. Bacteriol. 177: 1307-1314 https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.177.5.1307-1314.1995
- Paradkar, A. S., R. H. Mosher, C. Anders, A. Griffin, J. Griffin, C. Hughes, P. Greaves, B. Barton, and S. E. Jensen. 2001. Applications of gene replacement technology to Streptomyces clavuligerus strain development for clavulanic acid production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 2292-2297 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.5.2292-2297.2001
- Parajuli, N., T. V. Hung, I. Kenji, T. T. Hang, H. C. Lee, K. K. Liou, and J. K. Sohng. 2005. Identification and characterization of the afsR homologue regulatory gene from Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952. Res. Microbiol. 156: 707-712 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2005.03.005
- Park, H. S., S. H. Kang, H. J. Park, and E. S. Kim. 2005. Doxorubicin productivity improvement by the recombinant Streptomyces peucetius with high-copy regulatory genes cultured in the optimized media composition. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15: 66-71
- Park, N. S., J. S. Myeong, H. J. Park, K. Han, S. N. Kim, and E. S. Kim. 2005. Characterization and culture optimization of regiospecific cyclosporine hydroxylation in rare actinomycetes species. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15: 188-191
-
Perez-Liarena, F. J., P. Liras, A. Rodríguez-García, and J. F. Martín. 1997. A regulatory gene (ccaR) required for cephamycin and clavulanic acid production in Streptomyces clavuligerus: Amplification results in overproduction of both
$\beta$ -lactam compounds. J. Bacteriol. 179: 2053-2059 https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.179.6.2053-2059.1997 - Perez-Redondo, R., A. Rodriguez-Garcia, J. F. Martín, and P. Liras. 1998. The claR gene of Streptomyces clavuligerus, encoding a LysR-type regulatory protein controlling clavulanic acid biosynthesis, is linked to the clavulanate-9-aldehyde reductase (car) gene. Gene 211: 311-321 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00106-1
-
Reading, E. and M. Cole. 1977. Clavulanic acid: A beta lactamase-inhibiting
$\beta$ -lactam from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 11: 852-857 https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.11.5.852 - Ryu, Y. G., W. Jin, J. Y. Kim, S. H. Lee, and K. J. Lee. 2004. Stringent factor regulates antibiotics production and morphological differentiation of Streptomyces clavuligerus. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14: 1170-1175
- Salowe, S. P., E. N. Marsh, and C. A. Townsend. 1990. Purification and characterization of clavaminate synthase from Streptomyces clavuligerus: An unusual oxidative enzyme in natural product biosynthesis. Biochemistry 29: 6499-6508 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00479a023
- Sambrook, J. and D. W. Russell. 2001. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
- Santamarta, I., A. Rodríguez-García, R. Perez-Redondo, J. F. Martín, and P. Liras. 2002. CcaR is an autoregulatory protein that binds to the ccaR and cefD-cmcI promoters of the cephamycin C-clavulanic acid cluster in Streptomyces clavuligerus. J. Bacteriol. 184: 3106-3113 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.184.11.3106-3113.2002
- Sthapit, B., T. J. Oh, R. Lamichhane, K. Liou, H. C. Lee, C. G. Kim, and J. K. Sohng. 2004. Neocarzinostatin naphthoate synthase: An unique iterative type I PKS from neocarzinostatin producer Streptomyces carzinostaticus. FEBS Lett. 566: 201-206 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.033
- Stutzman-Engwall, K. J., S. L. Otten, and C. R. Hutchinson. 1992. Regulation of secondary metabolism in Streptomyces spp. and overproduction of daunorubicin in Streptomyces peucetius. J. Bacteriol. 174: 144-154 https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.174.1.144-154.1992
- Townsend, C. A. 2002. New reactions in clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6: 583-589 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-5931(02)00392-7
- Townsend, C. A. and M. F. Ho. 1985. Biosynthesis of clavulanic acid: Origin of the C3 unit. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107: 1066-1068 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00290a057
- Zhang, A. Z., J. S. Renb, K. Harlosb, C. H. McKinnona, I. J. Cliftona, and C. J. Schofielda. 2002. Crystal structure of a clavaminate synthase-Fe (II)-2-oxoglutarate-substrate-NO complex: Evidence for metal centered rearrangements. FEBS Lett. 517: 7-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02520-6
- Zhao, X. Q., K. R. Kim, L. W. Sang, S. H. Kang, Y. Y. Yang, and J. W. Suh. 2005. Genetic organization of a 50-kb gene cluster isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus for kanamycin biosynthesis and characterization of kanamycin acetyltransferase. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15: 346-353