Journal of Ecology and Environment

한국생태학회 (The Ecological Society of Korea)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Ecological Correlates of Flowering Seasons in Korean Angiosperms

  • Kang, Hye-Soon (Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Sungshin Women's University) ;
  • Jang, Sun-Young (Institute of Basic Sciences, Sungshin Women's University)
  • 발행 : 2006.08.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Ecological correlates of flowering times often are examined to infer evolutionary mechanisms for flowering time diversities. We examined ecological characteristic associations such as growth habits and pollination modes with flowering times among 3,037 Korean angiosperms experiencing strong climatic seasonalities. We first examined taxonomic membership effects on flowering times across diverse taxonomic levels. Phylogeny constrained flowering times at all levels down to the genus level. We then analyzed the effects of ecological characteristics using subset data consisting of species randomly selected from each genus to control phylogenetic effects. The commonly observed patterns of early flowering of woody species in temperate regions existed. Spring flowering shrubs and trees, however, both being woody, were involved with biotic and abiotic vectors, respectively. In two herbaceous groups of annuals and perennials, annuals flowered later in the growing season than perennials although both herbs tended to be associated with abiotic vectors when flowering in autumn. These results support our hypothesis that species able to decouple vegetative and reproductive growth flower in spring's dry season, but species with different habits, even when they flower within the same season, are subjected to different selective pressures for efficient pollination.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Bawa KS. 1983. Patterns of flowering in tropical plants. In: Handbook of experimental pollination biology (Jones CE, Little RJ, eds). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 394-410
  2. Bawa KS, Kang H, Grayum MH. 2003. Relationships among time, frequency, and duration of flowering in tropical rain forest trees. Am J Bot 90: 877-887 https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.6.877
  3. Brody AK. 1997. Effects of pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators on flowering phenology. Ecology 78: 1624-1631 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1624:EOPHAS]2.0.CO;2
  4. Canadell J, Jackson RB, Ehleringer JR, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Shculze ED. 1996. Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia 108: 583-595 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329030
  5. Chase MW et al. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: and analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid Gene rbcL. Ann Mo Bot Gard 80: 528-580 https://doi.org/10.2307/2399846
  6. Grainger J. 1939. Studies upon the time of flowering of plants. Anatomical, floristic and phenological aspects of the problem. Ann Appl Biol 26: 684-704 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1939.tb06994.x
  7. Gross CL. 2005. A comparison of the sexual systems in the trees from the Australian tropics with other tropical biomes-more monoecy but why? Am J Bot 92: 907-919 https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.6.907
  8. Harvey PH, Read AF, Nee S. 1995. Why ecologists need to be phylogenetically challenged. J Ecol 83: 535-536 https://doi.org/10.2307/2261606
  9. Jackson MT. 1966. Effects of microclimate on spring flowering phenology. Ecology 47: 407-415 https://doi.org/10.2307/1932980
  10. Jackson PC, Cavelier J, Goldstein G, Meinzer FC, Holbrook NM. 1995. Partitioning of water resources among plants of a low land tropical forest. Oecologia 101: 197-203 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317284
  11. Janzen DH. 1967. Synchronization of sexual reproduction of trees within the dry season in Central America. Evolution 21: 620-637 https://doi.org/10.2307/2406621
  12. Johnson SD. 1992. Climatic and phylogenetic determinants of flowering seasonality in the Cape flora. J Ecol 81: 567-572
  13. Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ. 2002. Plant systematics. 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland
  14. Kang H, Bawa KS. 2003. Effects of successional status, habit, sexual systems, and pollinators on flowering patterns in tropical rain forest trees. Am J Bot 90: 865-876 https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.6.865
  15. Kang H, Jang J. 2004. Flowering patterns among angiosperm species in Korea: diversity and constraints. J Plant Biol 47: 348-355 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030550
  16. Kochmer JP, Handel SN. 1986. Constraints and competition in the evolution of flowering phenology. Ecol Monogr 56: 303-325 https://doi.org/10.2307/1942549
  17. Lee CB. 1985. Illustrated flora of Korea. Hyang-moon Publishing Co., Seoul (in Korean)
  18. Lee YN. 1969. Flowering periods of the Korean and Japanese flora. J Kor Plant Taxon 1: 15-22
  19. Lee YN. 1998. Flora of Korea. Kyo-hak Publishing Co., Seoul (in Korean)
  20. Lee YN, Lee KS, Sin YM. 2001. Wild plants of Jeju Island. Yeomiji Botanical Garden, Seogwipo (in Korean)
  21. Mabberley DJ. 1997. The Plant-book. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  22. Mazer SJ. 1989. Ecological, taxonomic, and life history correlates of seed mass among Indiana dune angiosperms. Ecol Monogr 59: 153-175 https://doi.org/10.2307/2937284
  23. Muray KG, Feinsinger P, Busby WH, Linhart YB, Beach JH, Kinsman S. 1987. Evaluation of character displacement among plants in two tropical pollination guilds. Ecology 68: 1283-1293 https://doi.org/10.2307/1939213
  24. Oh YC. 1982. On the flowering period of plants of Mt. Sangsan. Bulletin of the Korean Association for Conservation of Nature. Ser. IV, pp 49-75 (in Korean with English abstract)
  25. Oh YC. 2000. Korean Cyperaceae. Sungshin Women's University Press, Seoul (in Korean)
  26. Peat HJ, Fitter AH. 1994. Comparative analyses of ecological characteristics of British angiosperms. Biol Rev 69: 95-115 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1994.tb01487.x
  27. Petanidou T, Ellis WN, Margaris NS, Vokou D. 1995. Constraints on flowering phenology in a phryganic (East Mediterranean shrub) community. Am J Bot 82: 607-620 https://doi.org/10.2307/2445419
  28. Pojar J. 1974. Reproductive dynamics of four plant communities of southwestern British Columbia. Can J Bot 52: 1819-1834 https://doi.org/10.1139/b74-234
  29. Primack RB. 1985. Patterns of flowering phenology in communities, populations, individuals, and single flowers. In: Population structure of vegetation (White J, ed). Junk, Dordrecht, pp 571-593
  30. Phillips R, Rix M. 2002. The botanical garden. Firefly, New York
  31. Rathcke B, Lacey EP. 1985. Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 16: 179-214 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001143
  32. Robertson C. 1895. The philosophy of flower seasons, and the phaenological relations of the entomophilous flora and the anthophilous insect fauna. Am Nat 29: 97-117 https://doi.org/10.1086/276089
  33. SAS. 2002. SAS System for Window, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Cary
  34. Schemske DW, Willson MF, Melampy N, Miller LJ, Verner L, Schemske KM, Best LB. 1978. Flowering ecology of some spring woodland herbs. Ecology 59: 351-366 https://doi.org/10.2307/1936379
  35. Smith-Ramírez C, Armesto JJ. 1994. Flowering and fruiting patterns in the temperate rainforest of Chiloe, Chile Ecologies and climatic constraints. J Ecol 82: 353-365 https://doi.org/10.2307/2261303
  36. Stiles FG. 1978. Temporal organization of flowering among the hummingbird food plants of a tropical wet forest. Biotropica 10: 194-210 https://doi.org/10.2307/2387905
  37. Vamosi JC, Otto SP, Barrett SCH. 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of the ecological correlates of dioecy in angiosperms. J Evol Biol 16: 1006-1018 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00559.x
  38. Waser NM, Chittka L, Price MV, Williams NM, Ollerton J. 1996. Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters. Ecology 77: 1043-1060 https://doi.org/10.2307/2265575
  39. Whitehead DR. 1969. Wind pollination in the angiosperms: evolutionary and environmental considerations. Evolution 23: 28-35 https://doi.org/10.2307/2406479
  40. Whitehead DR. 1983. Wind pollination: some ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In: Pollination biology (Real L, ed). Academic Press, New York, pp 97-109
  41. Wright SJ, Calderon O. 1995. Phylogenetic patterns among tropical flowering phenologies. J Ecol 83: 937-948 https://doi.org/10.2307/2261176
  42. Yim YJ. 1986. The effects of thermal climate on the flowering dates of plants in South Korea. Kor J Agricult 1: 67-84 (in Korean with English abstract)
  43. http://www.pfaf.org/