Pretreatment of Diltiazem Ameliorates Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppression of Neutrophilic Oxidative Stress

내독소로 유도된 급성폐손상에서 Diltiazem 전처치가 호중구성 산화성 스트레스에 미치는 효과

  • Jang, Yoo Suk (Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University) ;
  • Lee, Young Man (Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University) ;
  • Ahn, Wook Su (Department of Chest Surgery, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University) ;
  • Lee, Sang Chae (Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University) ;
  • Kim, Kyung Chan (Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University) ;
  • Hyun, Dae Sung (Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University)
  • 장유석 (대구 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 생리학교실) ;
  • 이영만 (대구 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 생리학교실) ;
  • 안욱수 (대구 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실) ;
  • 이상채 (대구 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 김경찬 (대구 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 현대성 (대구 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 내과학교실)
  • Received : 2006.01.17
  • Accepted : 2006.04.19
  • Published : 2006.04.30

Abstract

Background : Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by severe inflammatory pulmonary edema of unknown pathogenesis. To investigate the pathogenesis of ARDS associated with neutrophilic oxidative stress, the role of phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$) was evaluated by the inhibition of calcium channel. Methods : In Sprague-Dawley rats, acute lung injury (ALI) was induced by the instillation of E.coli endotoxin (ETX) into the trachea. At the same time, diltiazem was given 60 min prior to tracheal instillation of ETX. Parameters of ALI such as lung and neutrophil $PLA_2$, lung myeloperoxidase (MPO), BAL neutrophils, protein, surfactant were measured. Production of free radicals from neutrophils was measured also. Morphological studies with light microscope and electron microscope were carried out and electron microscopic cytochemistry for detection of free radicals was performed also. Results : Diltiazem had decreased the ALI parameters effectively in ETX given rats and decreased the production of free radicals from neutrophils and lung tissues. Morphological studies denoted the protective effects of diltiazem. Conclusion : Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, was effective in amelioration of ALI by the suppression of neutrophilic oxidative stress mediated by $PLA_2$ activation.

연구배경 : 급성호흡곤란증후군의 병인론 중 산화성 스트레스는 페 모세혈관손상의 중요한 기전의 일부이다. 본 연구에서는 호중구에 의한 유리 산소기의 형성이 $PLA_2$의 활성화와 관계가 있음을 근거로 하여 calcium channel blocker인 diltiazem이 내독소에 의한 급성 폐손상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 체중 300 gm 내외의 수컷 Sprague-Dawley흰쥐에서 내독소를 이용하여 급성 폐손상을 유도하고 동시에 내독소 투여 60분전에 diltiazem (3 mg/kg)을 복강 내로 투여하였다. 급성 폐손상이 유도된 흰쥐에서 폐장의 $PLA_2$, 사람에게서 분리된 호중구에서의 $PLA_2$, 폐장의 MPO의 활성도, 폐세척액내의 호중구의 수, surfactant, 단백함량, 호중구에서의 유리 산소기의 생성 등을 측정하였다. 또한 광학 현미경 및 전자 현미경을 이용하여 형태학적인 변화를 관찰하였고, 동시에 전자현미경 세포화학법을 이용하여 폐장내의 유리 산소기의 생성도 검사 하였다. 결과 : 내독소 투여 후 5 시간 후에는 급성 폐손상이 유발되고 폐장 및 호중구의 $PLA_2$, MPO, 폐세척액내의 호중구수, 단백함량 및 surfactant의 함량이 높게 측정되었다. 형태학적으로는 내독소에 의한 급성 페손상이 확인되었고 전자현미경을 이용한 세포화학적 검사에서는 폐장 내 유리 산소기의 생성이 증가되었음을 확인하였다. Diltiazem은 이러한 모든 변화를 감소시키고, 호중구에서의 산소기의 생성도 감소시켜 내독소에 의한 급성 폐손상을 감소 시켰다. 결론 : Diltiazem을 이용한 $PLA_2$의 억제는 내독소에 의한 급성 페손상에서 호중구에 의한 산화성 스트레스를 경감함으로써 그 손상을 줄일 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty PL, Levine BE. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967; 2:319-23
  2. Connelly KG, Repine JE. Markers for predicting the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Rev Med 1997;48:429-45 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.429
  3. Martensson J. Jain A, Frayer W, Meister A. Glutathione metabolism in the lung : inhibition of its synthesis leads to lamellar body and mitochondrial defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989; 86:5296-300
  4. Matthay MA. Conference summary : Acute lung injury. Chest 1999;116:119S-26S https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.116.suppl_1.119S
  5. Fujishima S, Aikawa N. Neutrophil-mediated tissue injury and its modulation. Int Care Med 1995;21: 227-85
  6. Pittet JF, Mackersie RC, Martin TR, Matthay MA. Biological markers of acute lung injury : prognostic and pathogenetic significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1187-205 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.4.9105054
  7. Pruzanski W, Vadas P. Phospholipase A2-a mediator between proximal and distal effectors of inflammation. Immunol Today 1991;12:143-46
  8. Koh T, Hybertson BM, Jepson EK, Cho OJ, Repine JE. Cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattratant is necessary for interleukin-1 induced lung leak in rats. J Appl Physiol 1995 ;79:472-78 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.2.472
  9. Hybertson BM, Jepson DK, Allard JD, Cho OJ, Lee YM, Huddleston JR, Weinman JP, Oliva AM, Repine JE. Transforming growth factor $\beta$ contributes to lung leak in rats given interleukin-1 intracheally. Exp Lung Res 2003;29:361-73 https://doi.org/10.1080/01902140303755
  10. Lee YM, Hypertson BM, Terada LS, Repine AJ, Cho HG, Repine JE. Mepacrine decreases lung leak in rats given interleukin-1 intratracheally. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155: 1624-28 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154867
  11. Lee YM, Hybertson BM, Cho HG, Terda LS, Repine AJ, Repine JE. Platelet-activating factor contributes to acute lung leak in rats given interleukin-1 intratracheally. Am J Physiol (Lung Cell Mol Physiol) 2000;279:L75-L80 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.1.L75
  12. Lee YM, Park Y. PAF contributes to intestinal ischemia reperfusion induced acute lung injury through neutrophilic oxidative stress. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 1999;3:405-14
  13. Canham EM, Shoemaker SA, Tate RM, Harada RM, McMurtry IF, Repine JE. Mepacrine but not methylprednisolone decreases acute edematous lung injury after injection of phorbol myristate acetate in rabbits. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;127:594-98 https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1983.127.5.594
  14. Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER, Barnes PJ. The lung. Lippincott Raven, Mew York, Philadelphia Vol 1, Chapter 4 ; glucocoid receptors. 1997;p 45
  15. Viejo A, Goodyear-Bruch C, Pierce JD. Oxidative stress in critically ill patients. Am J Crit Care 2002;11:543-51
  16. Partrick DA, Moore EE, Silliman CC, Barnett CC, Kuypers FA. Secretory PLA2 activity correlates with postinjury multiple organ failure. Crit Care Med 2001;29:42-6 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200107001-00016
  17. Nagase T, Uozumi N, Ishii S, Kume K, Izumi T, Ouchi Y, Shimizu T. Acute lung injury by sepsis and acid aspiration : a key role for cytosolic phospholipase A2. Nature Immunol 2000;1:42-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/76897
  18. Vernon LP, Bell JD. Membrane structure, toxins and phospholipase A2 activity. Pharmac Ther 1992;54: 269-95 https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(92)90003-I
  19. Kwon YS. Changes in phospholipase A2 activity in the pulmonary oxidative stress of the platelet-activating factor-induced acute lung injury. Doctoral Thesis, Daegu catholic University, 2002
  20. Katsumata M, Gupta C, Goldman AS. Rapid assay for activity of phospholipase A2 using radioactive substrate. Anal Biochem 1986;154:676-81 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(86)90046-1
  21. Haslett C, Guthrie LA, Kopaniak MM, Johnston JrBB, Henson PM. Modulation of multiple neutrophil functions by preparative methods or trace concentration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Am J Pathol 1985;119:101-10
  22. Goldblum SE, Wu KE, Jay M. Lung myeloperoxidase as a measurement of leukostasis in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 1985;59:1978-85 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.6.1978
  23. Botha AJ, Moore FA, Moore EE, Fontes B, Banerjee A, Peterson VM. Post injury neutrophil priming and activation state : therapeutic challenges. Shock 1995; 3:537-66
  24. Brown RE, Jarvis KL, Hyland KJ. Protein measurement using bicinchoninic acid : elimination of interfering substance. Anal Biochem 1989;180:136-39 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(89)90101-2
  25. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 1959;37:911-17 https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
  26. Hess HH, Derr JE. Assay of inorganic and organic phosphorus in the 0.1-5 nanomolar range. Anal Biochem 1975;63:607-13 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(75)90388-7
  27. Corbet A, Creegan J, Frink J, Rudolph AJ. Distension produced phospholipid secertion in postmortem in situ lungs of normal rabbits. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;128:695-701
  28. Hobson J, Wright J, Churg A. Histochemical evidence for generation of active oxygen species on the apical surface of cigarette smoke exposed tracheal explants. Am J Pathol 1991;139:573-80
  29. Pruzanski W, Vadas P, Browing J. Secretory nonpancreatic group phospholipase II A2 : role in physiologic and inflammatory process. J Lipid Mediat 1993;8:161-67
  30. Lee YM, Hybertson BM, Cho HG, Repine JE. Platelet-activating factor induces lung inflammation and leak in rats: Hydrogen peroxide production along neutrophil-lung endothelial cell interfaces. J Lab Clin Med 2002;140:312-19 https://doi.org/10.1067/mlc.2002.128181
  31. Sun X, Caplan MS, Hsueh W. Tumor necrosis factor and endotoxin synergistically activate intestinal phospholipase A2 in mice. Role of endogenous platelet activating factor and effect of exogenous platelet activating factor. Gut 1994;35:215-19 https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.2.215
  32. Kramer RM, Sharp JD. Structure, function and regulation of Ca2+-Sensitive cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2). FEBS Letters 1997;410:49-53 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00322-0
  33. Nakashima S, Suganuma A, Sato M, Tohmatsu T, Nozawa Y. Mechanism of arachidonic acid liberation in platelet-activating factor stimulated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Immunol 1989;143:1295- 1302
  34. Bomalaski JS, Baker DG, Brophy L, Resurrecion NV, Spilberg I, Muniain M, Clark MA. A phospholipase A2 activating protein (PLAP) stimulates human neutrophil aggregation and release of lysosomal enzymes, superoxide, and eicosanoids. J Immunol 1989;142:3957-62
  35. Koike K, Moore EE, Moore FA, Kim FJW, Carl VS, Banerjee A. Gut Phospholipase A2 mediates neutrophil priming and lung injury after mesenteric ischemia- reperfusion. Am J Physiol 1995;268:G397-G403
  36. Dana R, Leto TL, Levy R. Essential requirement of cytosolic phospholipase A2 for activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. J Biol Chem 1998;273:441-5 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.1.441
  37. Delclaux C, Rzaiguia-Delclaux S, Delacourt C, Brun-Buisson C, Lafuma C, Harf A. Alveolar neutrophils in endotoxin-induced and bacteria-induced acute lung injury in rat. Am J Physiol 1997;273: L104-L112
  38. Roh WS, Koo BU, Lee YM. Inhibition of phospholipase A2 ameliorates the acute lung injury induced by E coli endotoxin via reduced production of oxygen free radicals in the lung. Korean J Anethesiol 2001; 41:86-97 https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2001.41.1.86
  39. Tsukahara Y, Morisaki T, Horita Y, Torisu M, Tanaka M. Pholpholipase A2 mediates nitric oxide production by alveolar macrophages and acute lung injury in pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1999;229:385-92 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199903000-00012
  40. Nakos G, Kitsiouli EI, Tsangaris I, Lekka ME. Bronchoalveloar lavage fluid characteristic of early intermediate and late phase of ARDS. Alterations in leukocytes, proteins, PAF and surfactant components. Intensive Care Med 1998;24:296-303 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001340050571
  41. Martensson J, Jain A, Stole E, Frayer W, Auld PAM, Meister A. Inhibition of glutathione synthesis in the newborn rabbit : A model for endogenously produced oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991;88:9360-64
  42. McIntosh JC, Swyers AH, Fisher JH, Wright JR. Surfactant proteins A and D increase in response to intratracheal lipopolysaccharide. Am Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996;15:509-19 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1569-2558(08)60131-9
  43. Lee YM, Park Y, Koh Y. Effects of high dose of dexamethasone on PLA2, GGT activity and lung morphology in NNNMU-induced ARDS rats. Tuberculosis Respir Dis 1996; 43:925-35 https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.1996.43.6.925
  44. Ortolani O, Conti A, De Gaudio AR, Masoni M, Novelli G. Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine and rutin on the lipid peroxidation on the lung epithelium during the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Shock 2000;13:14-8 https://doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200013010-00003
  45. Koike K, Yamamoto Y, Hori Y, Ono T. Group II phospholipase A2 mediates lung injury in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Ann Surg 2000;232:90-7 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200007000-00013