한국환경보건학회지 (Journal of Environmental Health Sciences)

  • 제32권1호
  • /
  • Pages.36-45
  • /
  • 2006
  • /
  • 1738-4087(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2233-8616(eISSN)
한국환경보건학회 (Korean Society of Environmental Health)
권호 표지

다중이용시설 내부에 분포하는 부유 진균의 입경별 농도 특성

Size Distribution and Concentration of Airborne Fungi in the Public Facilities

  • 박재범 (아주대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실) ;
  • 김기연 (아주대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실) ;
  • 장규엽 (아주대학교병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 김치년 (연세대학교 의과대학 산업보건연구소) ;
  • 이경종 (아주대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실)
  • Park, Jae-Beom (Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Ki-Youn (Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Center for Health Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, Univ. of Cincinnati) ;
  • Jang, Gyu-Yeob (Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center) ;
  • Kim, Chin-Yon (Institute for Occupational Health, College of Medicine, Yonsei University) ;
  • Lee, Kyung-Jong (Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine)
  • 발행 : 2006.02.01
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The aim of this study is to examine size-based concentration and genera of airborne fungi distributed in public facilities such as hospital, kindergarten, day-care center and postpartum nurse center and to provide fundamental data in order to prevent respiratory diseases caused by exposure to airborne fungi. Culturable total and respirable concentrations of airborne fungi averaged to $382\;cfu/m^3\;and\;292\;cfu/m^3$ in hospital, $536\;cfu/m^3\;and\;347\;cfu/m^3$ in kindergarten, $334\;cfu/m^3\;and\;266\;cfu/m^3$ in day-care center, and $371\;cfu/m^3\;and\;289\;cfu/m^3$ in postpartum nurse center, respectively. The ratio of respirable to total concentration of airborne fungi in the investigated public facilities was ranged from $55\%\;to\;70\%$ but there was no significant difference among them (p>0.05). The mean I/O ratio of culturable total and respirable concentrations were 0.56 and 0.64 in hospital, 0.72 and 0.91 in kindergarten, 0.33 and 0.45 in day-care center, and 0.63 and 0.73 in postpartum nurse center, respectively. Indoor concentration of airborne fungi did not correlated significantly with indoor temperature and relative humidity (p>0.05) but had a significant positive correlation with $CO_2$ concentration (p<0.01) and surrounding condition (p<0.05). Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were estimated to over $95\%$ of total airborne fungi identified in the investigated public facilities.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Weiss, K. B., Gergen, P. J. and Wagner, D. K. : Breathing better or wheezing worse? The changing epidemiology of asthma morbidity and mortality. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 14, 491-513, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.14.050193.002423
  2. Lai, C. K, Douglass, C., Ho, S. S., Chan, J., Lau, J., Wong, G. and Leung, R. : Asthma epidemiology in the Far East. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 26, 5-12, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00050.x
  3. Mannino, D. M., Homa, D. M., Pertowski, C. A, Ashizawa, A, Nixon, L. L., Johnson, C. A, Ball, L. B., Jack, E. and Kang, D. S. : Surveillence for asthmaUnited States 1960-1995. MMWR, 47, 1-28, 1998
  4. 박동욱, 조경아, 윤충식, 한인영, 박두용 : 유치원 교실에서 공기 중 박테리아와 곰팡이 발생에 영향을 미치는 요인. 한국환경보건학회지, 30(5), 440-448, 2004
  5. Verhoeff, A. P. and Burge, H. A : Health risk assessment of fungi in home environments. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol, 78, 544-556, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63214-0
  6. Su, H. J., Wu, P. C., Chen, H. L., Lee, F. C. and Lin, L. L. : Exposure assessment of indoor allergens, endotoxin, and airborne fungi for homes in southern taiwan. Environ. Res., 85, 135-144, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2000.4113
  7. Kauffman, H. F., Tomee, J. F. C. and Vander Werf, T. S. : Review of fungus-induced asthmatic reactions. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med., 151, 2109-2116, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767565
  8. Hu, F. B., Persky, V., Flay, B. R. and Richardson, J. : An epidemiological study of asthma prevalence and related factors among young adult. Br. Med. J., 34, 67-76, 1997
  9. Kuo, Y. M. and Li, C. S. : Seasonal fungus prevalence inside and outside of domestic environments in the subtropical climate. Atmos Environ., 28, 3125-3130, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)E0069-V
  10. Wu, P. C., Su, H. J. and Lin, C. Y. : Characteristics of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi at suburban and urban homes in two seasons. Sci. Total Environ., 253, 111-118, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00423-X
  11. Hyvarinen, A, Vahteristo, M., Meklin, T., Jantunen, M., Nevalainen, A. and Moschandreas, D. : Temporal and spatial variation of fungal cocnentrations in indoor air. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 688-695, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820117763
  12. Hargreaves, M., Parappukkaran, S., Morawska, L., Hitchins, J., He, C. and Gilbert, D. : A pilot investigation into associations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia. Sci. Total Environ., 312, 89-101, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00169-4
  13. Lehtonen, M., Reponen, T. and Nevalainen, A. : Everyday activities and variation of fungal spore concentrations in indoor air. Int. Biodeter Biodegr, 31, 25-39, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(93)90012-Q
  14. Hunter, C. A., Grant, C., Flannigan, B. and Bravery, A. F. : Mould in buildings: The air spora of domestic dwellings. Int. Biodeter, 24, 81-101, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1016/0265-3036(88)90052-8
  15. Nevalainen, A., Willeke, K., Liebhaber, F., Pastuszka, J., Burge, H. and Henningson, E. : Bioaerosol sampling. In: Willeke K, Baron PA (Eds.), Aerosol Measurement. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 471-492, 1993
  16. Aylor, D. E. and Paw, U. K T. : The role of electrostatics in spore liberation by Drechslera turcica. Mycologia, 72, 1213-1219, 1980 https://doi.org/10.2307/3759577
  17. Pastuszka, J. S., Paw, U. K. T., Lis, D. O. and Wlazlo, A. : Bacterial and fungal aerosol in indoor environment in Upper Silesia, Poland. Atmos Environ., 34, 3833-3842, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00527-0
  18. Reponen, T., Hyviirinen, A., Ruuskanen, J., Raunemaa, T. and Nevalainen, A. : Comparison of concentrations and size distribution of fungal spores in building with and without mould problems. J. Aerosol. Sci., 25, 1595-1604, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(94)90227-5
  19. Lin, W. H.and Li, C. S. : Size characteristics of fungus allergens in the subtropical climate. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 25, 93-100, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829608965382
  20. Homer, W. E., Helbling, A., Salvaggio, J. E. and Lehrer, S. B. : Fungal allergens. Clin. Microbiol Rev., 8, 161-179, 1995
  21. 하권철, 백남원 : 미생물을 이용한 일부 병원, 가정 일반 대기질의 평가. 한국산업위생학회지, 1(1), 73-81, 1991
  22. 최종태, 김윤신 : 병원내 공기중 미생물의 농도에 관한 조사연구. 한국환경위생학회지, 19(1), 30-36, 1993
  23. 정선희, 백남원 : 일부 병원 실내에서의 공기중 미생물 오염에 관한 연구. 한국산업위생학회지, 8(2), 231-241, 1998
  24. 조현종, 홍경심, 김지훈, 김현욱 : 일부 종합병원 내 영역별 공기 중 미생물 평가. 한국산업위생학회지, 10(1), 115-125, 2000
  25. 김윤신, 이은규, 엽무종, 김기영 : 다중이용시설에서의 실내공기중 마생물 분포에 관한 연구. 한국환경위생학회지, 28(1), 85-92, 2002
  26. 이철민, 김윤신, 이태형, 박원석, 홍승철 : 다중이용시설내 공기중 바이오에어로졸 농도분포 특성에 관한 연구. 한국환경과학회지, 13(3), 215-222, 2004
  27. 이창래, 김기연, 김치년, 박동욱, 노재훈 : 종합병원내 부유 미생물 농도 및 환경 요인과의 상관성 조사. 한국산업위생학회지, 15(1), 45-51, 2005
  28. Brito, A., Wurm, G., Delamater, A. M., Grus, C. L., Lopez-Hernandez, C. Applegate, E. B. and Wanner, A. : School-based identification of asthma in a lowincome population. Pediatr Pulmonol, 30, 297-301, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0496(200010)30:4<297::AID-PPUL4>3.0.CO;2-#
  29. Stephen, H. L. H., Ting, F. L., Gladys, H., Eric, W., Albert, M. L. and Tai, F. F. : Evaluation of an asthma management program for Chinese children with mild-to-moderate asthma in Hong Kong. Pediatr Pulmonol, 33, 22-29, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.10024
  30. Andersen, A. A. : New sampler for collection, sizing and enumeration of viable airborne particles. J. Bacteriol, 76, 471-484, 1958
  31. 환경부 : 실내공간 실내공기오염 특성 및 관리방법 연구. 2002
  32. Verhoeff, A., van Wijnen, J., Boleij, J., Brunekreef, B., van Reenen-Hoekstra, E. and Samson, R. : Enumeration and identification of airborne viable mould propagules in houses. Allergy, 45, 275-284, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00496.x
  33. Pasanen, A. L., Niininen, M., Kalliokoski, P., Nevalainen, A. and Jantunen, M. : Airborne Cladosporium and other fungi in damp versus reference residences. Atmos Environ., 26B, 121-124, 1992
  34. Otten, J. A. and Burge, H. A. : Bacteria. In: Macher, J. (Ed.), Bioaerosols, Assessment and control. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH, pp. 200-214. 1999
  35. Gallup, J., Kozak, P., Cummins, L. and Gilman, S. : Indoors mold spore exposure: characteristics of 127 homes in Southern California with endogenous mold problems. Adv. Aerobiol, 51, 139-147, 1987
  36. Nevalainen, A., Hyvarinen, A., Pasanen, A. and Reponen, T. : Fungi and bacteria in normal and mouldy dwellings. In: Samson, R.A., Flannigan, B., Flannigan, M.E., Verhoeff, A.P., Adan, O.C.G., Hoekstra, E.S. (Eds.), Health Implications of Fungi in Indoor Environments. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 155-162, 1994
  37. Li, C. S. and Kuo, Y. M. : Microbiological indoor air quality in subtropical areas. Environ. Int., 19, 233-239, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(93)90084-U
  38. DeKoster, J. A. and Thorne, P. S. : Bioaerosol concentrations in noncomplaint, complaint and intervention homes in the Midwest. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 56, 576-580, 1995
  39. Pasanen, A. L., Kalliokoski, O., Pasanen, P., Jantunen, M. J. and Nevalainen, A. : Laboratory studies on the relationship between fungal growth and atmospheric temperature and relative humidity. Environ. Int., 17, 225-228, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(91)90006-C
  40. Burge, H., Chew, G., Muilenberg, M. and Gold, D. : Role of fungi in-house dust ecosystems. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, 95, 167-173, 1995
  41. Li, C. S. and Hsu, L. Y. : Home dampness and childhood respiratory symptoms in a subtropical climate. Arch Environ. Health, 51, 42-46, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1996.9935992
  42. Zoberi, M. H. : Take-off of mould spores in relation to wind speed and humidity. Ann. Botany, 25, 53-64, 1961 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083732
  43. Cox, C. S. : The aerosol survival of Escherichia coli B in nitrogen, argon and helium atmospheres and the influence of relative humidity. J. Genet. Microbiol., 50(1), 139-147, 1968 https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-50-1-139
  44. Bovallius, A., Bucht, B., Roffey, G. and Anas, P. : Three-year investigation of the natural airborne bacterial flora at four localities in Sweden. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 5, 847-852, 1978
  45. Mancinelli, R. and Shulls, W. A. : Airborne bacteria in an urban environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 35, 1095-1101, 1978
  46. Marthi, B. and Lighthart, B. : Effects of betaine on the enumeration of airborne bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 1286-1289, 1990
  47. Walter, M. V., Marthi, B., Fieland, V. P. and Ganio, L. M. : Effect of aerosolization on subsequent bacterial survival. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 3468-3472, 1990
  48. Macher, J. M., Huang, F. Y. and Flores, M. : A twoyear study of microbiological indoor air quality in a new apartment. Arch Environ. Health, 46, 25-29, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1991.9937425
  49. Hyvrinen, A., Reponen, T., Husman, T., Ruuskanen, J. and Nevalainen, A. : Characterizing mold problem buildings: concentrations and flora of viable fungi. Indoor Air, 3, 337-343, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1993.00017.x
  50. Li, C. S. and Kuo, Y. M. : Characteristics of airborne microfungi in subtropical homes. Sci. Total Environ., 155, 267-271, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90505-3
  51. Fink, J. N. : Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, 74, 1-9, 1984 https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(84)90077-0
  52. Yocum, M. W., Saltzman, A. R., Strong, D. M., Donaldson, J. C., Ward, G. W., Walsh, F. M., Cobb, O. M. and Elliot, R. C. : Extrinsic allergic alveolitis after aspergillus fumigatus inhalation. Am. J. Med., 61, 939-945, 1976 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(76)90419-8
  53. Moubasher, A. H., Abdel-Hafez, S. I., Shoreit, A. A. and Ismail, M. A. : Keratinophilic and other fungi isolated from combine harvester wheat and sorghum dusts and from the atmosphere of window sites in Egypt. Folia Microbiol, 35, 298-310, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02821282
  54. Su, J. H., Rotnitzky, A., Burge, H. A. and Spengler, J. D. : Examination of fungi in domestic interiors by using factor analysis: correlations and associ-ations with home factors. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58, 181-186, 1992
  55. Miller, D. : Fungi as contaminants in indoor air. Atmos Environ., 26A, 2163-2172, 1992
  56. Burge, H. : Bioaerosols: prevalence and health effects in the indoor environment. J. Allerg Clin. Immunol, 86, 687-701, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80170-8
  57. Cosentino, S., Pisano, P. L., Fadda, M. E. and Palmas, F. : Pollen and mold allergy: aerobiologic survey in the atmosphere of Cagliari, Italy 1986-1988. Ann. Allergy, 65, 393-398, 1990
  58. Lara, T. J. M., Tessier, J. F. and Lafont-Grellety, J. : Indoor moulds in asthmatic patients homes. Aerobiologia, 6, 98-105, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02539056
  59. Li, C. S., Hsu, L. Y, Chou, C. C. and Hsieh, K. H. : Fungus allergens inside and outside the residences of atopic and control children. Arch Environ. Health, 50, 38-43, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1995.9955011
  60. Venkataraman, C. and Kao, A. S. : Comparison of particle lung doses from the fine and coarse fractions of urban PM-10 aerosols. Inhal Toxicol, 11, 151-169, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1080/089583799197221
  61. Harding, H. : Effect of pH and sucrose concentration on conidium size and septation in four Bipolaris species. Canadian J. Botany, 53, 1457-1464, 1975 https://doi.org/10.1139/b75-178
  62. Ellis, J. J. : The effect of medium, temperature and age on Rhizopus delemar sporangiospore size. Mycologia, 73, 362-368, 1981 https://doi.org/10.2307/3759660
  63. Reponen, T. : Bioaerosol and particle mass levels and ventilation in Finish homes. Environ. Ini., 15, 203-208, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(89)90028-7