The Functional Effects of Fermented Pine Needle Extract

솔잎착즙액의 발효에 따른 기능성 효과

  • Park, Ga-Young (Department of Biotechnology and BK21 Research Team for Protein Activity control, Chosun University) ;
  • Li, Hongxian (Department of Biotechnology and BK21 Research Team for Protein Activity control, Chosun University) ;
  • Hwang, In-Deok (Department of Biotechnology and BK21 Research Team for Protein Activity control, Chosun University) ;
  • Cheong, Hyeon-Sook (Department of Biotechnology and BK21 Research Team for Protein Activity control, Chosun University)
  • 박가영 (조선대학교 자연과학대학 생명공학과) ;
  • 리홍선 (조선대학교 자연과학대학 생명공학과) ;
  • 황인덕 (조선대학교 자연과학대학 생명공학과) ;
  • 정현숙 (조선대학교 자연과학대학 생명공학과)
  • Published : 2006.10.30

Abstract

Pine needle(Pinus densiflora sieb, et zucc) extract has been used to improve cardiovascular disorders, detoxification of nicotine, the infirmities of age and curing diseases of unidentified symptoms. It has various useful components including amino acids, vitamin C, terpenoids and chlorophyll. In this study we have identified 8 different yeast strains that are developed spontaneously causing self fermentation in the extract. The self-fermented pine extract(SFPE) inhibited the growth of some bacterial strains like E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The SFPE($0.2{\mu}{\ell}/ml{\sim}0.3{\mu}{\ell}/ml$) showed 90% NBT superoxide scavenging activities which is similar for all tested samples of different ages. The 7 years old SFPE(0.15 mg/ml and 0.3 mg/ml) caused relaxation of spontaneous contraction and relaxation rhythm of thoracic arterial tissues from rat. Therefore, SFPE has useful effects such as antibacterial, antioxidant and improved blood circulation and could be a good source of functional food development.

솔잎착즙액(PNE)은 엽록소 함유량(40.8 mg/100 g)이 높고 비타민 C도 다량함유(149 mg/100 g)하고 있어 기능성 식품으로 개발가능성이 높으며, 솔잎 발효액은 향미가 좋아지고 기능성이 높아져서 고부가가치가 크므로 발효의 조건과 활성도를 조사 분석하여 고기능성 솔잎발효액(SFPE)을 개발하고자 하였다. 솔잎자체발효(SFPE)에 관여하는 균을 발효단계에 따라 분리, 선발하고 동정하였다. GPYA배지에서 발효균을 스크린하여 Pichia galeiformis, Candida boidinii, Pichia species, Candida species1, Candida species2, Candida ooidensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida karawaiewii를 선발하였으며, 발효가 진행됨에 따라 2년차에는 Candida boidinii, Candida species2, Candida ooidensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae가 선발되었고, 3년차에는 Candida species1&2가 선발되어 Candida species2가 우점종으로 나타났다. 그러나 발효 4년차에는 어떤 균도 선발되지 않았다. Candida species2는 Candida ernobii와 99.65%의 homology를 보였다. E. coli, Bacillus subtilis와 Staphylococcus aureus에 대해서 SFPE를 농도별로 처리하였을 때 높은 항균활성을 확인하였다. SFPE 1, 4, 7의 항산화 활성은 $0.025{\mu}{\ell}/ml$의 농도로 처리하였을 경우 SFPE 1, 4, 7이 약 34.8%의 NBT scavenging의 활성을 보여주었고, $0.2{\mu}{\ell}/ml{\sim}0.3{\mu}{\ell}/ml$의 농도에서는 SFPE 1, 4, 7이 약 90%에 달하는 NBT scavenging 의 활성능력을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 전기생리학적 실험을 통하여 솔잎발효액이 쥐의 혈관수축 이완에 미치는 효과를 분석한 결과 Phenylephrine(PE)($10^6M$)으로 유발된 수축반응에 대해 SFPE를 0.15 mg/ml과 0.3 mg/ml을 첨가하였을 때 혈관이 다시 이완되었으며, ATP 민감성 $K^+$ 채널 억제제인 glibenclamide($10^5M$)을 처리하였을 때 SFPE 7 효과가 나타나지 않은 것으로 보아 SFPE의 혈관 이완작용이 세포막 ATP-민감성 $K^+$ 통로를 활성화시켜 이루어짐을 확인하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Cho, Y. J. and W. N. Hou (2005), Effects of Dietary Bong-ip(Morus alba L.), Gam-chei(Glycyrrhizae glabra), Sol-ip(Pinus densiflora) and Dang-gi(Angelica gigas) on Serum Composition in Rats, KOREAN J. FOOD CULTURE 1, 123-129
  2. Lee, M. K., G. P. Choi, L. H. Ryu, G. Y. Lee, C. Y. Yu, and H. Y. Lee (2004), Enhanced Immune Activity and Cytotoxicity of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. Extracts against Human Cell Lines, Korean J. Medicinal Crop Sci. 12(1):36-42
  3. Sung, K. C. (2004), Characteristics and Analysis of Natural Pine- Needles Extract, J. Korean Oil Chemists' Soc. 4, 320-326
  4. Lee, H. J., C. B. Cui, H. T. Choi, S. H. Kim, Y. A. Ham, D. S. Lee, and S. S. Ham (2005), Quality Characteristics of the Vaporized Liquid of Water-boiled Pine Needle, Korean J. Food Preserv. 2, 107-111
  5. Thuneberg, L. (1982), Interstitial cells of Cajal: intestinal pacemakers, Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 71, 1-130
  6. Sander, K. M. (1996), A case for interstitial cells of Cajal as pacemakers and mediators of neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract, Gastroenterology 111, 492-515 https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690216
  7. Tokutomi, N., H. Maeda, Y. Tokutomi, D. Sato, M. Sugita, S. Nishikawa, S. Nishikawa, J. Nakao, T. Imamura, and K. Nishi (1995), Rhythmic $CI^-$ currents and phusiological roles of the intestinal c-kit-positive cells, pflugers Archiv. 431, 169-177 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00410188
  8. Thomsen, L., T. L. Robinson, J. C. Lee, L. A. Ferraway, M. J. Hughes, D. W. Andrews, and J. D. Huizinga (1998), Interstitial cells of Cajal generate a rhythmic pacemaker current, Nat Med. 4, 848-851 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0798-848
  9. Ward, S. M., A. J. Burns, S. Torihashi, and K. M. Sanders (1994), Mutation of the proto-oncogene c-kit blocks development of interstitial cells and intestinal electrical rhythmicity in murine mutants. J Physiol. 480, 91-97 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020343
  10. Kim, Y. S. and D. H. Shin (2005), Volatile components and antibacterial effects of pine needle(Pine densiflora S and Z.) extracts, Food microbiology 22, 37-45 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2004.05.002
  11. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/flavonoids/index.html/ (2005)
  12. Moteki, H., H. Hibasami, Y. Yamada, H. Katsuzaki, K. Imai, and T. Komiya (2002), Specific induction of apoptosis by 1.8-cineole in two human leukemia cell lines, but not a in human stomach cancer cell line, Oncology Reports 9, 757-760
  13. Kim, M. J., Y. J. Kim, H. J. Park, J. H. Chung, K. H. Leem, and H. K. ,Kim (2006), Apoptotic effect of red wine polyphenols on human colon cancer SNU-C4 cells, Food and Chemical Toxicology 44, 898-902 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.031
  14. http://www.organicashitaba.com/pc.html/ (2003)
  15. Jerez, M., Selga, A., Sineiro, J., Torrens, J.L., Nez, M.J., (2005), A comparisom between bark extracts from Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata: Antioxidant activity and procyanidin composition, Food Chemistry, Article in press
  16. Dupont, S., N. Caffin, B. Bhandari, and G. A. Dykes (2006), In vitro antibacterial activity of Australian native herb extracts gainst food-related bacteria, Food Control 17, 929-932 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.06.005
  17. Lee, W. C., T. Sakai, M. J. Lee, M. Hamakawa, S. M. Lee, and I. M. Lee (1996), An epidemiological study of food poisoning in Korea and Japan, Food Microbiology 29, 141-148 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(95)00075-5
  18. Tsen, H. Y., H. H. Hu, J. S. Lin, C. H. Huang, and T. K. Wang (2000), Analysis of the Salmonella typhimurium isolates from food-poisoning cases by molecular sub-typing methods, Food Microbiology 17, 143-152 https://doi.org/10.1006/fmic.1999.0284
  19. Miwa, N., A. Kawamura, T. Masuda, and M. Akiyama (2001), An outbreak of food poisoning due to egg yolk reaction-negative Staphylococcus aureus, International Journal of Food Microbiology 64, 361-366 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00446-3
  20. Jeon, H. J., K. S. Lee, and Y. J. Ahn (2001), Growth-inhibiting effects of constituents of Pinus densiflora leaves on human intestinal bacteria, Food Sci. Biotechnol. 10, 403-407
  21. Koukos, P. K., K. I. Papadopoulou, D. T. Patiaka, and A. D. Papagiannopoulos (2000), Chemical composition of essential oils from needles and twigs of balkan pine(Pinus peuce Grisebach) grown in northern Greece, J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 1266-1268 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf991012a
  22. Choi, M. Y., E. J. Choi, E. Lee, T. J. Rhim, B. C. Cha, and H. J. Park (1997), Antimicrobial Activites of Pine Needle(Pinus densiflora sieb, et zucc.) Extract, Kor. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25, 293-297
  23. Kim, D. S., K. Y. Kim, and K. B. Lee (2002), Separation and Purification of Polyphenols from Pine Needle, Korean Journal of Food Preservation 9, 74-77
  24. Yoon, J. H., S. T. Lee, S. B. Kim, W. Y. Kim, M. Goodfellow, and Y. H., Park (1997), Restriction fragment length polymorphisms analysis of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA for rapid identification of Saccharomonospora strains, Int J Syst Bacteriol. 47, 111-114 https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-47-1-111
  25. Han, S. H., N. R. Y. Woo, S. D. Lee, and M. H. Kang (2006), Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activities of Endemic Plants Extracts in Korea, Korean J. Medicinal Crop Sci. 1, 49-55
  26. Hong, Y. G., M. S. Yang, and Y. B. Park (2005), Effect of Cumambrin A on the Relaxation of Rat Aorta, Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 1, 17-20
  27. Lee, M. H., J. S. Han, and N. Kozukue (2005), Changes of Chlorophyll Contents in Spinach by Growth Periods and Storage, Korean J. Food Cookert Sci. 21, 339-345
  28. Kim, B. S., W. M. Yang, and J. Choi (2002), Comparison of Caffeine, Free Amino Acid, Vitamin C and Catechins Content of Commercial Green Tea in Bosung, Sunchon, Kwangyang, Hadong, J. Kor. Tea Soc. 8, 55-62
  29. Yu, B. P. (1994), Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species, Physiol Rev. 74, 139-162 https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1994.74.1.139
  30. Ryu, B. H., K. J. Cho, Y. J. Chae, and S. H. Jin (1993), Continuous Rapid Fermentation of Soy Sauce by Immobilized Zygosaccharomyces rouxii BH-90 and Candida versatilis BH-91 Using Column Type Reactor, Kor. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21, 366-372
  31. Cho, K. H. and S. G. Park (2005), Antibacterial Effects on Bacillus Stearothermophilus by Adding Natural Grapefruit Seed Extracts in Soymilk, J. Korean Ind. Eng. Chem. 16, 139-143
  32. Yoo, J. H., J. Y. Cha, Y. K. Jeong, K. T. Chung, and Y. S. Cho (2004), Antioxidative Effects of Pine (Pinus denstifora) Needle Extracts, J. Life Sci. 14, 863-867 https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2004.14.5.863
  33. Ko Suk Tai (2001), Influence of Cromakalim, K+ Channel Opener, and Glibenclamide, K+Channel Blocker, on Intestinal Movements in Rabbit, The Journal of Applied Pharmacology 9, 237-243
  34. Okabe, K., K. Kitimura, and H. Kuriyama (1987), Features of 4-aminopyridine sensitive outward current observed in single smooth muscle cells from the rabbit pulmonary artery, Pflugers Arch. 409, 561-568 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00584654
  35. Kim, H. H., N. H. Cho, W. G. Kim, S. J. Lee, I. D. Yu, D. K. Ahn, and H. Y. Choi (2003), Vasodilation Effect of Drypetes Rhizoma and It's Various Fractions on Isolated Rat Thoracic Aorta and Abdominal Aorta, Kor. J. Herbology 1, 127-131