Journal of Biosystems Engineering

Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery (한국농업기계학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Sensing Nitrate and Potassium Ions in Soil Extracts Using Ion-Selective Electrodes

이온선택성 전극을 이용한 토양추출물의 질산 및 칼륨이온 측정

  • Kim, H.J. (National Institute of Agricultural Engineering) ;
  • Sudduth Kenneth A. (USDA-ARS Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit) ;
  • Hummel John W. (USDA-ARS Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit)
  • Published : 2006.12.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Automated sensing of soil macronutrients would allow more efficient mapping of soil nutrient spatial variability for variable-rate nutrient management. The capabilities of ion-selective electrodes for sensing macronutrients in soil extracts can be affected by the presence of other ions in the soil itself as well as by high concentrations of ions in soil extractants. Adoption of automated, on-the-go sensing of soil nutrients would be enhanced if a single extracting solution could be used for the concurrent extraction of multiple soil macronutrients. This paper reports on the ability of the Kelowna extractant to extract macronutrients (N, P, and K) from US Corn Belt soils and whether previously developed PVC-based nitrate and potassium ion-selective electrodes could determine the nitrate and potassium concentrations in soil extracts obtained using the Kelowna extractant. The extraction efficiencies of nitrate-N and phosphorus obtained with the Kelowna solution for seven US Corn Belt soils were comparable to those obtained with IM KCI and Mehlich III solutions when measured with automated ion and ICP analyzers, respectively. However, the potassium levels extracted with the Kelowna extractant were, on average, 42% less than those obtained with the Mehlich III solution. Nevertheless, it was expected that Kelowna could extract proportional amounts of potassium ion due to a strong linear relationship ($r^2$ = 0.96). Use of the PVC-based nitrate and potassium ion-selective electrodes proved to be feasible in measuring nitrate-N and potassium ions in Kelowna - soil extracts with almost 1 : 1 relationships and high coefficients of determination ($r^2$ > 0.9) between the levels of nitrate-N and potassium obtained with the ion-selective electrodes and standard analytical instruments.

Keywords

References

  1. Adamchuk, V. I. 2002. Feasibility of on-the-go mapping of soil nitrate and potassium using ion-selective electrodes. ASAE Paper No. 02-1183. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE
  2. Adamchuk, V. I., J. W. Hummel, M. T. Morgan and S. K. Upadhyaya. 2004. On-the-go soil sensors for precision agriculture. Comp. Elect. Agric. 44:71-91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2004.03.002
  3. Ammann, D. 1986. Ion-Selective Microelectrodes: Principles, Design and Application. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag
  4. Artigas, J., A. Beltran, C. Jimenez, A. Baldi, R. Mas, C. Dominguez and J. Alonso. 2001. Application of ion selective field effect transistor based sensors to soil analysis. Comp. Elect. Agric. 31 (3):281-293 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1699(00)00187-3
  5. Birrell, S. J. and J. W. Hurnmel. 2000. Membrane selection and ISFET configuration evaluation for soil nitrate sensing. Trans. ASAE 43(2): 197-206
  6. Black, A. S. and S. A. Waring. 1978. Nitrate determination in an oxisol using $K_2SO_4$ extraction and the nitrate specific electrode. Plant Soil 49:207-211 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02149924
  7. Blackmer, A. M., D. Pottker, M. E. Cerrato and J. Webb. 1989. Correlations between soil nitrate concentrations in late spring and corn yields in lowa. J. Prod. Agric. 2(2):103-109 https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1989.0103
  8. Brouder, S. M., M. Thom, V. I. Adamchuck and M. T. Morgan. 2003. Potential uses of ion-selective potassium electrodes in soil fertility management. Comrn. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 34:2699-2726 https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120025214
  9. Brown, J. R., (ed.) 1998. Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region. Columbia, Mo.: Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of Missouri
  10. Buchholz, D. D., J. R. Brown, J. D. Garret, R. G. Hanson and H. N. Wheaton. 1983. Soil Test Interpretations and Recommendations Handbook. Revised 12/92 edition. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri, Department of Agronomy
  11. Carey, C. M. and W. B. Riggan. 1994. Cyclic polyamine ionophores for use in a dibasic-phosphate-selective electrode. Anal. Chem. 66(21):3587-3591 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00093a009
  12. Dahnke, W. C. 1971. Use of the nitrate specific ion electrode in soil testing. Soil. Sci. Plant Anal. 2(2):73-84 https://doi.org/10.1080/00103627109366292
  13. Farrell, R. E. and A. D. Scott. 1987. Ion-selective electrode determinations of exchangeable potassium in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51:594-598 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100030008x
  14. Gallardo, J., S. Alegret and M. D. Valle. 2004. A flow-injection electronic tongue based on potentiometric sensors for the determination of nitrate in the presence of chloride. Sensors Actuators B101:72-80
  15. Gee, G. W. and D. Or. 2002. Particle-size analysis. In: Methods of soil analysis: Part 4 - Physical methods, ed(s). J. H. Dane and G. C. Topp, pp.255-293. Madison, Wisc: SSSA
  16. Glazier, S. A. and M. A. Arnold. 1988. Phosphate-selective polymer membrane electrode. Anal. Chem. 60:2540-2542 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00173a024
  17. Glazier, S. A. and M. A. Arnold. 1991. Selectivity of membrane electrodes based on derivatives of dibenzyltin dichloride. Anal. Chem. 63(8):754-759 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00008a003
  18. Haby, V. A., M. P. Russelle and E. O. Skogley. 1990. Testing soils for potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In: Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, ed(s). R. L. Westerman, pp.181-221. Madison, Wisc.: SSSA
  19. Hansen, E. H., A. K. Ghose and J. Ruzicka. 1977. Flow injection analysis of environmental samples for nitrate using an ion-selective electrode. Analyst 102:705-713 https://doi.org/10.1039/an9770200705
  20. Kim, H. J., J. W. Humrnel and S. J. Birrell. 2006. Evaluation of nitrate and potassium ion-selective membranes for soil macronutrient sensing. Trans. ASABE 49(3):597-606 https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.20476
  21. Knoll, M., K. Cammann, C. Dumschat, M. Borchardt and G. Hogg. 1994. Microfibre matrix-supported ion-selective PVC membranes. Sensors Actuators B 20(1): 1-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(93)01164-Y
  22. Li, S. and K. A. Smith. 1984. The rapid determination of nitrate at low concentrations in soil extracts: comparison of ion selective electrode with continuous-flow analysis. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15(12): 1437-1451 https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628409367571
  23. Mehlich, A. 1984. Mehlich III soil test extractant: A modification of Mehlich II extractant. Comrn. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15(12):1409-1416 https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628409367568
  24. Morf, W. E., K. Seiler, B. Rusterholz and W. Simon. 1990. Design of a calcium-selective optode membrane based on neutral ionophore. Anal. Chem. 62:738-742 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00206a018
  25. Nielson, H. J. and E. H. Hansen. 1976. New nitrate ionselective electrodes based quaternary ammonium compounds in nonporous polymer membranes. Anal. Chim. Acta 85(1): 1-16 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)82975-5
  26. Oien, A. and A. R. Selmer-Olsen. 1969. Nitrate determination in soil extracts with the nitrate electrode. Analyst 94:888-894 https://doi.org/10.1039/an9699400888
  27. Sudduth, K. A., J. W. Humrnel and S. J. Birrell. 1997. Sensors for site-specific management. In: The State of Site-Specific Management for Agriculture, ed(s). F. J. Pierce and E. J. Sadler, pp.183-210. Madison, Wisc.: ASA-CSSA-SSSA
  28. Tsukada, K., M. Sebata, Y. Miyahara and H. Miyagi. 1989. Long-life multiple-ISFETs with polymeric gates. Sensors Actuators 18(3-4):329-336 https://doi.org/10.1016/0250-6874(89)87039-8
  29. Van Lierop, W. 1986. Soil nitrate determination using the Kelowna multiple element extract. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 17(12):1311-1329 https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628609367792
  30. Van Lierop, W. 1988. Determination of available phosphorus in acid and calcareous soils with the Kelowna multiple-element extractant. Soil Sci. 146:284-291 https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198810000-00009
  31. Van Lierop, W. and N. A. Gough. 1989. Extraction of potassium and sodium from acid and calcareous soils with the Kelowna multiple element extractant. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69: 235-242 https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-024

Cited by

  1. Sensing NO3-N and K Ions in Hydroponic Solution Using Ion-Selective Membranes vol.35, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5307/JBE.2010.35.5.343
  2. Determination of Inorganic Phosphate in Paprika Hydroponic Solution using a Laboratory-made Automated Test Stand with Cobalt-based Electrodes vol.36, pp.5, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5307/JBE.2011.36.5.326