References
- 江蘇新醫學院編: 中藥大辭典, 上海, 上海科學技術出版社, p 2315, 1978
- 강병수 외: 한의학대사전, 서울, 도서출판 정담, p 1282, 1698, 1998
- 劉正才 外: 中醫免疫, 重慶, 重慶出版社, pp 15-20, 1983
- Kim, J.Y., Germolec, D.R. and Luster, M.I. Panax ginseng as a potential immunomodulator: studies in mice. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 12(2):257-276, 1990 https://doi.org/10.3109/08923979009019672
- Liou, C.J., Huang, W.C. and Tseng, J. Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract modulates humoral immune response and spleen cell functions. Am. J. Chin. Med., 33(4):651-661, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X05003247
- Kenarova, B., Neychev, H., Hadjiivanova, C. and Petkov, V.D. Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 54(4):447-454, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.54.447
- Lee, E.J., Ko, E., Lee, J., Rho, S., Ko, S., Shin, M.K., Min, B.I., Hong, M.C., Kim, S.Y. and Bae, H. Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances CD4(+) T-cell activities and modulates Th1/Th2 differentiation. Int. Immunopharmacol., 4(2):235-244, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2003.12.007
- Xiaoguang, C., Hongyan, L., Xiaohong, L., Zhaodi, F., Yan, L., Lihua, T. and Rui, H. Cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic activities of red ginseng. J. Ethnopharmacol., 60(1):71-78, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00133-5
- Kaneko, H. and Nakanishi, K. Proof of the mysterious efficacy of ginseng: basic and clinical trials: clinical effects of medical ginseng, korean red ginseng: specifically, its anti-stress action for prevention of disease. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 95(2):158-162, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.FMJ04001X5
- Soares, D.M.R., Costa, V.F.S., Souza, M.A., Kovary, K., Guedes, D.C., Oliveira, E.P., Rubenich, L.M., Carvalho, L.C., Oliveira, R.M., Tano, T., Gusmao, C.M.L. Antihypertensive, vasodilator and antioxidant effects of a vinifera grape skin extract. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 54(11):1515-1520, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1211/002235702153
- Briedis, V., Povilaityte, V., Kazlauskas S. and Venskutonis, P.R. Polyphenols and anthocyanins in fruits, grapes juices and wines, and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Medicina, 39(2):104-112, 2003
- Madeira, S.V., de Castro, R.A., Ognibene, D.T., de Sousa, M.A. and Soares de Moura, R. Mechanism of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of an alcohol-free extract obtained from a vinifera grape skin. Pharmacol. Res., 52(4):321-327, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2005.05.005
- Mizel, S.B., Openheim, J.J. and Rosensteich, D.L. Characterization of lymphocyte-activating factor(LAF) produced by the macrophage cell line P388D1. J. Immunol., 120, 1497-1503, 1979
- Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxic assays. J. Immunol. methods, 65, 55-63, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
- Kotnic, V. and Fleischmann, W.R.Jr. A simple and rapid method to determine hematopoietic growth factor activity. J. Immunol. methods, 129, 23-30, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(90)90416-S
- Suda, T. and Nagata, S. Purification and characterization of the Fas-ligand that induces apoptosis. J. Exp. Med., 179, 873-879, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.179.3.873
- Boudard, F., Vallot, N., Cabaner, C. and Bastide, M. Chemiluminenscence and nitrite determinations by the MALU macrophage cell line. J. Immunol. Methods, 174, 259-268, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(94)90030-2
- Blair, A.L., Cree, I.A., Beck, J.S. and Hating, M.J.G. Measurement of phagocyte chemiluminenscence in a microtiter plate format. J. Immunol. Methods, 112, 163-168, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(88)90352-3
- Chok, P.W., Choon, S.P. and Benjamin, H.S. A rapid and simple microfluorometric phagocytosis assay. J. Immuno. Methods, 162, 1, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(93)90400-2
- Rockett, K.A., Awburn, M.M., Cowden, W.B. and Clark, I.A. Killing of Plasmodium faciparum in vitro by nitric oxide derivatives. Infec. Immunity, 59(9):3280-3283, 1991
- Channon, J.Y., Leslie, C.C. and Johnston, Jr. R.B. Zymosan-stimulated production of phosphatidic acid by macrophages: relationship to release of superoxide anion and inhibition by agents that increase intracellular cyclic AMP. J. Leucocyte Biol., 41, 450-455, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1002/jlb.41.5.450
- Scaglione, F., Ferrara, F., Dugnani, S., Falchi, M., Santoro, G. and Fraschini, F. Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 16(10):537-542, 1990
- See, D.M., Broumand, N., Sahl, L. and Tilles, J.G. In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology, 35(3):229-235, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-3109(96)00125-7
- Gillis, C.N. Panax ginseng pharmacology: a nitric oxide link? Biochem. Pharmacol., 54(1):1-8, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00193-7
- Friedl, R., Moeslinger, T., Kopp, B. and Spieckermann, P.G. Stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng root in RAW 264.7 cells. Br. J. Pharmacol., 134(8):1663-1670, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704425
- Wilasrusmee, C., Siddiqui, J., Bruch, D., Wilasrusmee, S., Kittur, S. and Kittur, D.S. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of herbal products. Am. Surg., 68(10):860-864, 2002
- Liu, J., Wang, S., Liu, H., Yang, L. and Nan, G. Stimulatory effect of saponin from Panax ginseng on immune function of lymphocytes in the elderly. Mech. Ageing Dev., 83(1):43-53, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-6374(95)01618-A
- Luo, Y.M., Cheng, X.J. and Yuan, W.X. Effects of ginseng root saponins and ginsenoside Rb1 on immunity in cold water swim stress mice and rats. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao, 14(5):401-404, 1993
- Morisaki, N., Watanabe, S., Tezuka, M., Zenibayashi, M., Shiina, R., Koyama, N., Kanzaki, T. and Saito Y. Mechanism of angiogenic effects of saponin from ginseng Radix rubra in human umbilical vein endotherial cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115(7):1188-1193, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb15023.x
- Nakajima, S., Uchiyama, Y., Yoshida, K., Mizukawa, H. and Haruki, E. The effects of ginseng radix rubra on human vascular endothelium cells. Am. J. Chin. Med., 26(3-4):365-373, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X98000403
- Kwon, Y.S., Jang, K.H. and Jang, I.H. The effects of Korean red ginseng on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in dogs. J. Vet. Sci., 4(1):83-92, 2003
- Lu, Y., Zhao, W.Z., Chang, Z., Chen, W.X. and Li, L. Procyanidins from grape seeds protect against phorbol ester-induced oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 25(8):1083-1089, 2004
- Aldini, G., Carini, M., Piccoli, A., Rossoni, G. and Facino, R.M. Procyanidines from grape seeds protect endotherial cells from peroxynitrite damage and enhance endothelium-dependent relaxation in human artery: new evidences for cardio-protection. Life Sci., 73(22):2883-2898, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00697-0
- Zhao, C., Giusti, M.M., Malik, M., Moyer, M.P. and Magnuson, B.A. Effects of commercial anthocyanin-rich extracts on colonic cancer and nontumorigenic colonic cell growth. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52(20):6122-6128, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049517a
- Percival, S.S. and Sims, C.A. Wine modifies the effects of alcohol on immune cells of mice. J. Nutri. 130, 1091-1094, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1091
- Miceli, M.C. and Parnes, J.R. The role of CD4 and CD8 in T cell activation and differentiation. Advances in Immunology, 53, 59, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60498-8
- Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H. and Pober, J. S. Cellular and molecular immunology. p.177-178 Saunders Company(2ed). U.S.A., 1994
- Han, S.K., Song, J.Y., Yun, Y.S. and Yi, S.Y. Ginsan improved Th1 immune response inhibited by gamma radiation. Arch. Pharm. Res., 28(3):343-350, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977803
- Breiheim, G., Stendahl, O. and Dahlgren, C. Intra- and extracellular events in luminol-dependent chemilulinescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect. Immun., 45, 1-8, 1984
- Song, Z., Moser, C., Wu, H., Larsen, M.W., Johansen, H.K., Faber, V., Kharazmi, A. and Hoiby, N. Ginseng modulates the immune response via its effect on cytokine production-secondary publication. Ugeskr. Laeger., 167(33):3054-3056, 2005