KEY R&D ACTIVITIES SUPPORTING DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY

  • Published : 2006.08.01

Abstract

Ensuring sufficient supplies of clean, economic and acceptable energy is a critical global challenge for the 21st century. There seems little alternative to a greatly expanded role for nuclear power, but implementation of this option will depend on ensuring that all resulting wastes can be disposed of safely. Although there is a consensus on the fundamental feasibility of such disposal by experts in the field, concepts have to be developed to make them more practical to implement and, in particular, more acceptable to key stakeholders. By considering global trends and using illustrative examples from Japan, key areas for future R&D are identified and potential areas where the synergies of international collaboration would be beneficial are highlighted.

Keywords

References

  1. http://www.jaea.go.jp/04/turuga/tief5/images/TIEF5-S1_2E.pdf
  2. C. McCombie and N. Chapman, Multinational and Regional Disposal Initiatives: Nearing a Turning Point, Proc. 11th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, April 30 ? May 4, 2006, Las Vegas, NV, USA, pp.1158-1163 (2006)
  3. S. Saito, Speech in the plenary session of 2006 International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants (ICAPP '06) (2006) (http://aec.jst.go.jp/jicst/NC/eng/speeches.htm)
  4. http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/ 1997/infcirc546.pdf, e.g. p.29
  5. AEC, Framework for Nuclear Energy Policy (Tentative Translation), Japan Atomic Energy Commission, October 11, 2005 (2005)
  6. A. G. Croff, ORIGEN2 ? A Revised and Updated Version of the Oak Ridge Isotope Generation and Depletion Code, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-5621 (1980)
  7. ENEA, Inventario Nazionale dei Rifiuti Radioattivi - 2000, ENEA, Rome, Italy (2000)
  8. P. Riggar and C. Johansson, Project Safe, Low and Intermediate Level Waste in SFR-1, Reference Waste Inventory, SKB Technical Report TR-01-03, SKB, Stockholm, Sweden (2001)
  9. USDOE, Summary Data on the Radioactive Waste, Spent Nuclear Fuel, and Contaminated Media Managed by the US Department of Energy. USDOE Office for Environmental Management, USDOE, Washington DC, USA (2001)
  10. Nirex, The 2001 United Kingdom Radioactive Waste Inventory, Nirex Reports N/041 to N/048, Nirex, Harwell, UK (2002)
  11. D. F. McGinnes, Model Radioactive Waste Inventory for Reprocessing Waste and Spent Fuel, Nagra Technical Report NTB 01-01, Nagra, Wettingen, Switzerland (2002)
  12. FEPC and JNC (2000), Progress Report on Disposal Concept for TRU Waste in Japan, JNC TY1400 2000-002 TRU TR-2000-02
  13. FEPC and JAEA, Second Progress Report on Research and Development for TRU Waste Disposal in Japan -Design, Safety Assessment and Means of Implementation in the Generic Phase-, (2006) (English version in preparation)
  14. I. G. McKinley, H. Kawamura, F. Neall and K. Ando, Repository Design Optimisation for Long-lived ILW, Sci. Basis Nucl. Waste Manag., XXIV, pp.843-850 (2001)
  15. S. Masuda, H. Umeki, I. G. McKinley and H. Kawamura, Management with CARE, Nuclear Engineering International, 49 (604), pp.26-29 (2004)
  16. Nagra, Project Opalinus Clay ? Demonstration of disposal feasibility for spent fuel, vitrified high-level waste and longlived intermediate-level waste (Entsorgungsnachweis), Nagra Technical Report, NTB 02-05, Nagra, Wettingen, Switzerland (2002)
  17. I. G. McKinley, F. B. Neall, H. Kawamura and H. Umeki, Geochemical optimisation of a disposal system for high-level radioactive waste, J. Geochem. Exploration, 90, 1-8 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.09.012
  18. National Report of Japan for the Second Review Meeting, Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management, pp.B-9, (2005)
  19. H. Umeki, S. Masuda, I. G. McKinley: Advanced Repository Concepts Required for a Volunteering Approach to Site Selection, GLOBAL 2003, A topical meeting embedded within the ANS/ENS International Winter Meeting, pp.262-267, 16-20 November 2003, New Orleans, USA (2003)
  20. UK EA, The Environment Agency's Assessment of BNFL's 2002 Environmental Safety Cases for the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Repository at Drigg, UK Environment Agency, NWAT/Drigg/05/001 (Version: 1.0) (2005)
  21. JNC, H12: Project to Establish the Scientific and Technical Basis for HLW Disposal in Japan, Project Overview Report, Second Progress Report on Research and Development for the Geological Disposal of HLW in Japan, JNC TN1410 2000-001 (2000)
  22. NUMO, Development of Repository Concepts for Volunteer Siting Environments, NUMO Technical Report TR-04-03, NUMO, Tokyo, Japan (2004)
  23. OECD/NEA, Engineered Barrier Systems (EBS): Design Requirements and Constraints, Workshop Proceedings, Turku, Finland, 26-29 August 2003, OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency ISBN 92-64-02068-3, Paris France (2004)
  24. K. Kitayama, H. Umeki, H. Ueda, I. G. McKinley and K. Kaku: A Structured Approach for Stepwise Tailoring of Repository Concepts to Volunteer Sites, Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Environmental and Radioactive Waste Management, ICEM'05, Glasgow, Scotland (2006)
  25. JNC, H12: Project to Establish the Scientific and Technical Basis for HLW Disposal in Japan, Supporting Report 1: Geological Environment in Japan, Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, JNC TN1410 2000-002 (2000)
  26. JNC, H12: Project to Establish the Scientific and Technical Basis for HLW Disposal in Japan, Supporting Report 2: Repository Design and Engineering Technology, Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, JNC TN1410 2000-003 (2000)
  27. JNC, H12: Project to Establish the Scientific and Technical Basis for HLW Disposal in Japan, Supporting Report 3: Safety Assessment of the Geological Disposal System, Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, JNC TN1410 2000-004 (2000)
  28. R. Metcalfe and C. Walker, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Bentonite-Cement Interaction in Repository Environments, 14-16 April 2004, Tokyo, Japan, NUMOTR-04-05, NUMO (2004)
  29. M. Toyota and I. G. McKinley, Optimization of the Engineered Barrier System, Proc. 8th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, May 11-14, 1998, Las Vegas, NV, USA, pp. 648-652 (1998)
  30. M. J. Apted, A Modest Proposal: A Robust, Cost-Effective Design for High-Level Waste Packages, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc. Vol.506, pp. 589-596, (1998)
  31. E. Lindgren, S. Pettersson and J.-P. Salo, R&D program for Horizontal Emplacement KBS-3H, Proc. of 10th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2003), pp.571 - 577, 30 March - 2 April 2003, Las Vegas NV USA (2003)
  32. S. Masuda, H. Kawamura, I. G. McKinley, F. Neall and H. Umeki, Optimising repository design for the CARE concept, 11th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, April 30 ? May 4, 2006, Las Vegas, NV, USA, pp.507-514 (2006)
  33. K. Ishiguro, H. Ueda, K. Wakasugi, Y. Sakabe, K. Kitayama, H. Umeki and H. Takase, 'EBS Modelling for the Development of Repository Concepts Tailored to Siting Environments', in the Proceedings of the NEA Workshop on 'Integration of Engineered Barrier Systems in the Safety Case : The Role of Modelling', La Coruna, Spain, 24-26 August 2005, OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency (to be published)
  34. JNC, H17: Development and management of the technical knowledge base for the geological disposal of HLW - Knowledge Management Report -, Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, JNC TN1400 2005-022 (2005)
  35. W. Miller, R. Alexander, N. Chapman, I. McKinley and J. Smellie, Geological disposal of radioactive wastes and natural analogues: lessons from nature and archaeology. Waste Management Series 2, Pergamon, Amsterdam (2000)
  36. NUMO: Evaluating site suitability for a HLW repository, NUMO Technical Report TR-04-04, NUMO, Tokyo, Japan (2004)
  37. Y. Sakabe, H. Ueda, K. Ishigro, K. Kitayama, McKinley, I. G., and K. Kaku, Implementation of a requirements management system for the Japanese HLW programme, Proc. IAEA International Conference on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Disposal, Tokyo (2005)
  38. Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan, Commonly Important Issues for the Safety Regulations of Radioactive Waste Disposal (2004)
  39. Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan: Focused Research Programs on the Nuclear Safety (2004) (in Japanese)
  40. JNC, H17: Development and management of the technical knowledge base for the geological disposal of HLW, Supporting Report 1: Geoscience study, Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, JNC TN1400 2005-014 (2005) (in Japanese)
  41. S. Takeda, Current Status of R&D Activities at Tono Geoscience Center - Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory Project and Regional Hydrogeological Study Project -, Proc. Int. Conf. JNC Underground Research Laboratory Projects in Mizunami (ICGM'04), Part 1,, October 21, Mizunami, Japan, JNC TN7400 2004-010, pp.65-82 (2004)
  42. R. Tsukui, T. Niizato, K. Aoki and T. Fukushima, Developing a Remote Monitoring System Using ACROSS in Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory, Proc. 1st International Workshop on Active Monitoring in the Solid Earth Geophysics (IWAM04), Task Group for Active Monitoring, Mizunami, Japan, pp.30-35 (2004)
  43. A. Yamato, The current status of JNFL sub-surface disposal plan for relatively higher LLW, IAEA International Conference on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Disposal, Tokyo, Japan, 3-7 October 2005, Contributed Papers, IAEA-CN-138/39, pp.153-156 (2005)
  44. H. Saegusa, A. Sawada, K. Inaba, S. Takeuchi and K. Nakano, A Study of Uncertainties in Groundwater Flow Evaluation Using Multiple Modeling Approaches, JNC Technical Review, No. 20, pp. 75-89, JNC TN1340 2003-002 (2003) (in Japanese)
  45. J. Bel, C. De Bock and J-P. Boyazis, Comparing Technical Concepts for Disposal of Belgian Vitrified HLW, Proc. of Workshop on Engineered Barrier Systems (EBS): Design Requirements and Constraints, OECD/NEA Report No. 4548, pp.87-99, OECD/NEA, Paris, France (2004)
  46. NEA, Confidence in the Long-term Safety of Deep Geological Repositories, Its Development and Communication, OECD/NEA, Paris, France (1999)
  47. NEA, Establishing and Communicating Confidence in the Safety of Deep Geologic Disposal, OECD/NEA, Paris, France (2002)
  48. T. Kawata, H. Umeki and I. G. McKinley, Knowledge Management:Emperor's New Clothes?, Proc. 11th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference 2006, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 30-May 4, 2006, pp.1236 -1243 (2006)
  49. PNC, Research and development on geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste, First Progress Report - H3, Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation, PNC TN1410 93-059 (1992)
  50. JNC, H17: Development and management of the technical knowledge base for the geological disposal of HLW, Supporting Report 2: Repository engineering technology, Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, JNC TN1400 2005-015 (2005) (in Japanese)
  51. JNC, H17: Development and management of the technical knowledge base for the geological disposal of HLW, Supporting Report 3: Safety assessment method, Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, JNC TN1400 2005-016 (2005) (in Japanese)
  52. H. Saegusa, M. J. White, P. Robinson and J. Guimera, Development of a System for Integrated Geological Modelling and Groundwater Flow Simulation, Proc 11th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, April 30 ? May 4, 2006, Las Vegas, NV, USA, pp.330-337 (2006)
  53. http://www.itc-school.org/