A comparative study for the efficacy of plaque removal of two powered toothbrushes and a manual toothbrush

수종의 전동칫솔과 수동칫솔의 치태 제거 효과에 대한 비교 연구

  • Jun, Dae-Ho (Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Dan-Kook University) ;
  • Chung, Chin-Hyung (Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Dan-Kook University) ;
  • Lim, Sung-Bin (Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Dan-Kook University) ;
  • Hong, Ki-Seok (Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Dan-Kook University)
  • 전대호 (단국대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 정진형 (단국대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 임성빈 (단국대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 홍기석 (단국대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실)
  • Published : 2005.12.31

Abstract

Periodontal disease is caused by accumulation of bacterial plaque. For the reason, plaque control is essential to control and prevent periodontal disease. Among the plaque control methods, mechanical plaque removal, tooth brushing is common and reliable. But it depends on individual habituation and their manner. To catch up the gap of effectiveness, lots of oral hygiene appliances have been developing. Powered toothbrush is the most interesting field and is showing on the market with various motion type. This study was performed to compare clinical effects of plaque removal between powered toothbrush and manual toothbrush. The results were as follows : 1. Plaque index was decreased statistically after the brushing than before the brushing in every group.(p<0.05) 2. Comparing plaque index among the three groups before and after brushing, there were no statistically significant differences. 3. Interproximal plaque index was decreased statistically after the brushing than before the brushing in every group.(p<0.05) 4. Comparing interproximal plaque index among the three groups before and after brushing, there were no statistically significant differences.

Keywords

References

  1. Lovdal A, Arno A, Waerhaug J: Evidence of clinical manifestations of periodontal disease in light of oral hygiene and calculus formation. J Am Dent Assoc 1958; 56: 21 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1958.0021
  2. Bowen W. H. Nature of plaque. Oral Sci Rev 1976; 9:3
  3. Loe, H. Mechanical and chemical control of dental plaque. J. of Clinical Periodontology 1979; 6:32-36 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1979.tb02116.x
  4. Loe, H., Theilade, E.. Jensen, S. B. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 1965; 36: 177-187 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1965.36.3.177
  5. scransky SS. microbiology of periodontal disease: Present status and futuse considerations. J Periodontol 1977:48: 496-509
  6. Savitt ED. Socransky SS. Distribution of certain subgingival microbiological species in selected periodontal conditions. J Periodont Res 1984:19:111-123 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1984.tb00800.x
  7. Slot J. Genco RJ. Black-pigmented Bacteroides species. Capnocytophaga species. and Actinobacillus actinomy-cetemcomitans n human periodontal diease. Virulence factors in colonization. survival and tissue destruction. J Dent Res 1984: 63:412-421 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345840630031101
  8. MacGregor, I. D. M. & Rugg-Gunn. A. J. survey of toothbrushing duration in 85 uninstructed English school children. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol 1979:7:297-298 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1979.tb01235.x
  9. Warren, P. R.. Landmann. H. & Chatel, B. V. Electri toothbrush use. Attitudes and experience among dental practitioners in Germany. American Journal Dentistry 1998; 11 : 53-56
  10. Ainamo, J., Xie, Q. Ainamo, A. & Kallio, P. Assesment of the effect of an oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush on oral health. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1997:24:28-33 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1997.tb01180.x
  11. Birch, R. H. &Mumford, J. M. Electric toothbrushing. The Dental Practitioner and Dental Record 1963: 13: 182-186
  12. Cross, W. G.. Forrest. J. O. &Wade, A. B. A comparative study of tooth cleansing using conventional and electrically operated toothbrushes. Brirish Dental Journal 1962; 113: 19-22
  13. Hoover, D. R. & Robinson. H. G. Effect of automatic and hand brushing on gingivitis. Journal of the American Dental Association 1962:65:361-367 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1962.0262
  14. Lefkowitz, W & Robinson, H. B. G. Effectiveness of automatic and hand brushes in removing dental plaque and debris. Journal of the American Dental Association 1962:65:351-361 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1962.0273
  15. Soparkar, P. M. & Quigley, G. A. Power versus hand brushing: effect on gingivitis. Journal of American Dental Association 1964:68: 182-187 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1964.0071
  16. Chilton N. W.. Di-Do. A. & Rothner, J. T. Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of an electri and standard toothbrush in normal individuals. Journal of the American Dental Association 1962; 64:777-782 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1962.0155
  17. Elliot, J. R. A comparison of the effectiveness of a standard and electric toothbrush. J. of Periodontology 1963: 34:375-379 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1963.34.4.375
  18. McKendrick, A. J,. Barbenel. L. M. & Mchugh. W. D. A two-year comparison of hand and electric toothbrushes. Journal of Periodontal Research 1968: 3: 224-231 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1968.tb01924.x
  19. Rainey. B. L. & Ash, M. M. Subgingival and interproximal pal que removal using a counter-rotational electric toothbrush and a manual toothbrush. Quintessence International 1964: 25:39-42
  20. Smith, W. A. & Ash, M. M. A clinical evaluation of an electric toothbrush. Journal of Periodontology 1964:35: 127-136 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1964.35.2.127
  21. Ash. M. M. A review of the problems and resuts of studies on manual and power toothbrushes. J. of Periodontology 1964; 35:202-213 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1964.35.3.202
  22. P. A. Heasman and G. I. McCracken. Powered toothbrushes: a review of clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1999: 26:407-420 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.1999.260701.x
  23. Heasman, P. A. Powered toothbrushes. British Dental Journal 1998a: 184: 168-169 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4809569
  24. Emling, D., Nessly, M., Morton, T. & Martin, R. Safety testing of a new electronic toothbrush. J. of Periodontology 1993: 64:941-946 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1993.64.10.941
  25. Johnson, B. D. & Mclnnes, C. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a new sonic toothbrush. Journal of Periodontology 1994: 65:692-697 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1994.65.7.692
  26. Emling, R. C. & Yankell, S. L. The application of sonic technology to oral hygiene: The third generation of powered toothbrushes. J. of Clinical Dentistry 1997:8: 1-3
  27. Stanford, C. M., Srikantha, R. & Wu, C. D. Efficacy of the Sonic are toothbrush fluid dynamic action on removal of human supragingival plaque. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1997: 8: 10-14
  28. Grossman, E., Dembling, W. & Proskin, H. M. A comparative clinical investigation of the safety and efficacy of an oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush and a sonic toothbrush. J. of Clinical Periodontology 1995: 6: 108-112
  29. Khambay, B. S. & Walmsley, A. D. An in vitro evaluation of electric toothbrushes. Quintessence International 1995 :26:841-848
  30. Moran, J. M., Addy, M. & Newcombe, R. G. A comparative study of stain removal with two electri toothbrushes and a manual brush. Journal of Preventive Dentistry 1995:4:61-66
  31. Schemehorn. B. R. & Keil, J. C. The effect of an oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush and a sonic toothbrush on removal of stain from enamel surfaces. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1995:6: 194-197
  32. Schemehorn, B. R. & Henry. G. M. A laboratory investigation of stain removal from enamel surface: comparative efficacy of three electric toothbrushes. American Journal of Dentistry 1996:9: S21-24
  33. Tritten. C. B. & Armitage, G. C. Comparison of a sonic and a manual toothbrush for efficacy in supragingival plaque removal and reduction of gingivitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1996; 23: 641-648 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00588.x
  34. Van der Weijden, G. A, Timmerman, M. R. reijerse, E., Snoek, C. M. & Van der Velden, U. Comparison of an oscillating/ rotating electric toothbrush and a 'sonic' toothbrush in plaque-removing ability. A professional toothbrushing and supervised brushing study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1996a; 23 :407-411 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00565.x
  35. Van der Weijden, G. A, Timmerman, M. F., Snoek, C. M., Reijerse, E. &Van der Velden. U. Toothbrushing duration and plaque removing efficacy if electric toothbrushes. American Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1996b:23:724-729 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00601.x
  36. Quigley, G. A & Hein, J. W. Comparative cleansing sfficiency of manual and power brushing. Journal of the American Dental Association 1962:65:26-29 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1962.0184
  37. Turesky, S., Gilmore, N. D. & Glickman, I. Reduced plaque formation by chlormethyl analogue of vitamin C. Journal of Periodontology 1970:41:41-43 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1970.41.41.41
  38. MeLey, L. & Zahradnik, R. Clinical evaluation of brushing force for powered rotating brushing instruments. Journal of Dental Research 1994:73: 164, abstr. #500
  39. Van der Weiiden, G. A., Timmerman, M. F., Danser, M. M. & Van dee Velden. U. Relationship between the plaque removal efficacy of a manual toothbrush and brushing force. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1998: 25:413-416 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02464.x
  40. Heasman. P. A., Wilson. Z., Macgregor. I. D. M. & Kelly, P. J. A comparative study of electric and manual toothbrushes in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1998b: 114:45-49 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70236-7
  41. Schemehorn, B. R. & Zwart, A. C. The dentin abrasivity potential of a new electri toothbrush. American Journal of Dentistry 1996: 9: S19-20
  42. Van der Weijden, G. A.. Timmerman, M. F., Danser, M. M. & Van der Velden, U. Relationship between the plaque removal efficacy of a manual toothbrush and brushing force. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1998:25:413-416 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02464.x
  43. Heasman. P. A.. Heyndrerickx, I., Sturm, D. & de Jager, M. Influence of a controlled pressure system on toothbrushing behaviour. Journal of Clinical Dentistry. In press. 1998d
  44. Ainamo, J.. Hernina. M.. Kauriasho, K., Sorsa, 씨 & Suomalainen, K. Effect of manual versus powered toothbrushes. Journal of Dental Reserch 1991: 70:557
  45. DeRouen, T. A. (1995) Statistical and methodological issues in tempormandibular desorder reserch. In Temporomandibular disorders and related pain-progress in pain reserch and management, eds. Sessle, B., Bruyant. P. S. & Dionne, R. A, Vol. 4, pp. 459-465. Seattle: IASP Press
  46. Claydon, Nl & Addy, M. Comparative single-use plaque removal by tooth- brushes of different designs. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1996:23: 1112-1116 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb01812.x
  47. Heasman, P. A, Heyndrickx, I.. De Jager, M. & Sturm, D. Influence of a controlled pressure system on tooth brushing behavior. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 2001: 10:1-5
  48. Walmsley, A. D. The electri toothbrush: a review. Bristish Dental Journal 1997: 182: 209-218 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4809349
  49. D. Lazarescu, S. Boccaneala, A lllliescu and J. A De Boever. Efficacy of plaque removal and learning effect of a powered and a manual toothbrush. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2003:30:726-731 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.00361.x
  50. Hotta, M. & Anon, M. A clinical study on the control of dental plaque using an electronic toothbrush with Piezo electric element. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 1992: 14:16-18
  51. Barnes, C. M., Weatherford, T. W. & Menaker. L. A comparison of the Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover(C5) electric and a manual toothbrush in affecting gingivitis. J. of clinical dentisty 1993: 4:48-51
  52. Howorko, N., Gutek., Naidoo. S. & Hoover, J. N. Effectiveness of an electric toothbrush on plaque removal in periodontal patients. American Journal of Dentistry 1993: 6: 49-51
  53. Forgas-Brockmann, L. B., Carter-Hanson, C. & Killoy, W. J. The effect of an ultrasonic toothbrush on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. J. of Clinical Periodontology 1998:25:375-379 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02458.x
  54. Waerhaug J. Effect of toothbrushing on subgingival plaque formation. J Periodontal 1981:52:30-34 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1981.52.1.30
  55. Youngblood JJ, Killoy WJ, Love JW, Drisko C. Effectiveness of a new plaqueremoval instrument in removing subgingival and interproximal plaque: A preliminary in vivo report. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1985: 6 (Suppi.) : S152-155
  56. Jeffery Y. Taylor, Cheryl L. Wood, Jerry J. Garnick, and William O. Thompson. Removal of interproximal subgingival plaqe by hand and automatic toothbrushes. J Periodontal 1995:66:191-196 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1995.66.3.191
  57. Ciancio, S. G. & Mather, M. L. A Clinical comparison of two electric toothbrushes with different mechanical actions. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 1990:12:8-9
  58. Engemayer: H. & Lang, N. P. Mundpfegegewohnheiten bei einer gruppe von Schwiezer wehrmannern in alter von 28 bis 32 jahren. Schweizer monaschroft Zahnheilkunde Zahnheikunde 1979:89: 1103-1111
  59. Gift, H. (1986). Current utilization patterns of oral hygiene practices. in Dentak plaque control measure and oral hygiene pratices, des. Loe, H. & Kleinman, D. V., pp.39-71. Oxford
  60. m. M. Danser, G. M. Driesen, M. F. Timmerman, U. van der Velden and G. A. van der Weijden. A laboratory and clinical investigation comparing 2 oscillation/rotating electric toothbrushes. J. of clinical Periodontology. 2000:27:277-283 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027004277.x
  61. van der Weijden, G. A., Timmerman, M. F., Danser, M. M., Van der Velden, U. (1998) The role of electric toothbrushes: Advantages and limitations. In : Proceedings of the European Workshop on Mechanical plaque control, eds. Lang, N. P., Attstrom, R, Loe. H., pp. 138-155. Berlin: Quintessence Publishing
  62. Van der Weijden, G. A., Timmerman, M. F., Danser, M. M., Nijboer, A., Saxton, C. A. & Van der Velden, U. Effect of per-experimental maintenance care duration on the development of gingivitis in partal mouth experimental gingivitis model. J Periodontol res 1994:29: 168-173 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1994.tb01209.x
  63. Oliver, R. C., Brown, L. J. & Loe, H. Periodontal dieases in the United Sates population. J periodontol 1998: 69: 269-278 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1998.69.2.269
  64. Axelsson, P. & Lindhe, J. Effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on caries and periodontal disease in adults. Results after 6years. J Clin Periodontol 1981a:8: 239-248 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1981.tb02035.x
  65. Axelsson, P. & Lindhe, J. The significance of the maintenance care in the treatment of periodontol disease. J Clin Periodontol 1981b:8:281-294 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1981.tb02039.x
  66. Badersten, A., Egelberg, J. & Koch, G. Effects of monthly prophylaxis on carise and gingivitis in school chlidren. Com Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998:3: 1-4
  67. Van der Weijden, G. A, Timmerman, M. F., Reijerse, E., Derser, M. M., Mantel, M. S., Nijboer, A. van der Velden, U. The long term effect of an oscillating/rotating toothbrush on gingivitis. An 8 month clinical study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1994:21:139-145 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00292.x
  68. Saxer. U. P. & Yankell, S. L. Impact of improved toothbrushes on dental diseases. Quintessence International 1997: 28 :573-593