The Korean Journal of Ecology

The Ecological Society of Korea (한국생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Assessment of Surface Water Quality in Suburban Golf Courses in Korea

  • Park, Jin-Sung (Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Ok-Kyung (Department of Environmental Engineering, Anyang University) ;
  • Chang, Yoon-Jeong (Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Lee, In-Sook (Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University)
  • Published : 2005.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In the current study, we examined the quality of surface water in ponds at two golf courses, located in southern (Country Club P) and eastern (Country Club B) areas of Korea respectively. Seasonal measurements were made of following physical parameters;pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chloride, alkalinity, hardness, and nitrogen compounds [$NH_3$-N, $NO_2$-N, $NO_3$-N] and the concentrations of four heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) throughout the courses. The pH values were within the alkaline range (7.3 to 9.0), and the biological oxygen demand was generally between 0.5 and 3.1 mg/L. The alkalinity and hardness ranged from 19.1 to 68.5mg/L and 16.1 to 63.6 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogen as ammonium $(NH_3-N)$ was detected in all samples, and the samples had low concentrations of $NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$. Cd concentrations were relatively high (to 22.44 mg/L); the highest Cd concentration was observed in the pond in Country Club P. Other metal concentrations were low compared to the Quebec guidelines.

Keywords

References

  1. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water pollution control federation. 1998. Standard Methods for the examination of the water and wastewater, 20th ed. American public health association, Washington, DC
  2. Burkholder, J.M. 1992. New phantom dinoflagellate is the causative agent of major estuarine fish kills. Nature 358: 407 https://doi.org/10.1038/358407a0
  3. Cohen, S.Z., S. Nickerson, R. Maxey and J.A. Senita. 1990. A ground water monitoring study for pesticides and nitrates associated with golf courses on Cape Cod. Ground Water Monit. Rev. 10: 160-073 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1990.tb00333.x
  4. Degraeve, N. 1981. Carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects of cadmium. Mutat. Res. 86: 115-135 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1110(81)90035-X
  5. Environmental data collection. 1999. National Institute of Environmental Research
  6. Glass, D.J. 2000. Economic potential of phytoremediation: Using plants to clean up the environment. In I. Raskin and B.D. Ensley (eds.), Phytoremediation of toxic metals. John Wiley & Sons, Canada. pp. 15-31
  7. HACH. 1989. Water Analysis Handbook. Loveland, Co, USA
  8. Khan, S. and N.N. Khan.1983. Influence of lead and cadmium on the growth and nutrient concentration of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and egg-plant (Solanum melongena). Plant Soil 74: 387-394 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181356
  9. Lee, S.J. and K.Y. Hur. 2001. The Environmental Effects of Agrochemical and Fertilizer Applied in Golf Courses in Korea. Korean J. Turfgrass Science. 15(2):87-104. (In Korean, with English abstract)
  10. Miles, C.J., G. Leong and S. Dollar. 1992. Pesticides in marine sediments associated with golf course runoff. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49: 179-185
  11. Ohmicron Corp. 1996. Immunoassay techniques for the detection of chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, atrazine and 2,4-D in water samples. Newton, PA, USA
  12. Scott, C. Ryals, Mary, Beth, Genter and Ross and B. Leidy. 1988. Assessment of surface water quality on three eastern north Carolina golf courses. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 1934-1942 https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<1934:AOSWQO>2.3.CO;2
  13. Stephen, G. Nelson, Barry D. Smith, and Bruce and R. Best. 1981. Kinetics of nitrate and ammonium uptake by the tropical freshwater macrophyte Pistia stratiotes L. Aquaculture. 24: 11-19 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(81)90039-9
  14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. Summary results of EPA's national survey of pesticides in drinking water wells, Fall 1990. EPA 5700990NPS24. Cincinnati, OH, pp 1-5
  15. Wagner, G. J. 1993. Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to human health. Adv. Agron. 51: 173-212 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60593-3
  16. Wilson P.C., T. Whitwell and S.J. Klaine. 2000. Metalaxyl and simazine toxicity to an uptake by Typha latifolia. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39: 282-288 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010106