Journal of Communications and Networks

The Korean Institute of Commucations and Information Sciences (한국통신학회)
권호 표지

ARM: Anticipated Route Maintenance Scheme in Location-Aided Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

  • Published : 2005.09.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are composed of moving wireless hosts which, within range of each other, form wireless networks. For communication to occur between hosts that are not within each other's range, routes involving intermediate nodes must be established; however, since the hosts may be in motion, a host that was part of a route may move away from its upstream and downstream partners, thus breaking the route. In this paper, we propose anticipated route maintenance (ARM) protocol with two extensions to route discovery based routing scheme: Extend the route when nodes on a link move apart from each other and they have common neighbor that can be 'inserted' in the path, and shrink route when a node discovers that one of its neighbor which is not the next hop is also on the same route several hops later on. By utilizing only local geographic information (now a part of some route finding algorithms), a host can anticipate its neighbor's departure and, if other hosts are available, choose a host to bridge the gap, keeping the path connected. We present a distributed algorithm that anticipates route failure and performs preventative route maintenance using location information to increase a route lifespan. The benefits are that this reduces the need to find new routes (which is very expensive) and prevents interruptions in service. As the density of nodes increases, the chance to successfully utilize our route maintenance approach increases, and so does the savings. We have compared the performance of two protocols, pure dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol and DSR with ARM. The simulation results show how ARM improves the functionality of DSR by preventing the links in the route from breaking. Packets delivery ratio could be increased using ARM and achieved approximately $\100%$ improvement. The simulations clarify also how ARM shows a noticeable improvement in dropped packets and links stability over DSR, even though there is more traffic and channel overhead in ARM.

Keywords

References

  1. M. Ilyas, Ed., Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, CRC Press LLC, 2003
  2. C. K Toh, Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols and Systems, Prentice Hall, 2001
  3. C. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, 'Highly-dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers,' in Proc. SIGCOM'94, 1994, pp. 234-244
  4. D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz, 'Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks,' in Mobile Computing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, pp. 153-181
  5. V. Park and M. Corson, 'Highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks,' in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'97, Apr. 1997, pp. 1405-1413 https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.1997.631180
  6. C. Perkins, E. Royer, and S. Das, 'Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing,' Internet Draft, IETF, Oct. 1999
  7. Y. Ko and N. Vaidya, 'Location-aided routing in mobile ad hoc networks,' in Proc. ACM/IEEE MobiCom'98, 1998, pp. 66-75
  8. B. Karp and H. Kung, 'GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks,' in Proc. ACM/IEEE MobiCom 2000, 2000, pp. 243-254
  9. S. Basagni, I. Chlamtac, and V. Syrotiuk, 'A distance effect algorithm for mobility (DREAM),' in Proc. ACM/IEEE MobiCom'98, 1998, pp. 76-84
  10. Network simulator official site for package distribution, available at http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
  11. J. Schiller, Mobile Communications, Addison-Wesley, 2000
  12. W. Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, 1st ed
  13. J. Malik, 'Network simulator ns trace files analyzer,' available at http://brylant.ists.pwr.wroc.pl/jmalek/tracegraph.php
  14. G. Lim, K Shin, S. Lee, H. Yoon, and J. S. Ma, 'Link stability and route lifetime in ad hoc wireless networks,' in Proc. ICPPW 2002, 2002, pp. 116-123 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPPW.2002.1039720
  15. W. Su, S.-J. Lee, and M. Gerla, 'Mobility prediction and routing in ad hoc wireless networks,' Int. J. Network, vol. 30, pp. 3-30, 2001
  16. L. Qin and T. Kunz, 'Pro-active route maintenance in DSR,' ACM Mobile Computing, Commun. Rev., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 79-89, July 2002 https://doi.org/10.1145/581291.581302
  17. G. Aggelou and R. Tafazolli, 'A Simulation analysis on reactive route repair techniques for QoS sensitive applications in mobile ad hoc networks,' in Proc. MobiHoc 2000, Boston, USA, Aug. 2000
  18. S. J. Lee and M. Gerla, 'AODV-BR: Backup routing in ad hoc networks,' in Proc. IEEE WCNC 2000, Sept. 2000, pp. 1311-1316 https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2000.904822
  19. J. Li and P. Mohapatra, 'LAKER: Location-aided knowledge extraction routing for mobile ad hoc networks,' in Proc. IEEE WCNC 2003, Mar. 2003, pp. 1180-1184 https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2003.1200538
  20. I. Stojmenovic, M. Russell, and B. Vukojevic, 'Depth first search and location based localized routing and QoS routing in wireless networks,' Computers and Informatics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 149-165, 2002
  21. I. Stojmenovic, 'Location updates for efficient routing in ad hoc wireless networks,' in Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, Wiley, 2002, pp. 451-471
  22. I. Stojmenovic, 'Position-based routing in ad hoc networks,' IEEE Commun. Mag., pp. 2-8, July 2002
  23. P. Bose, P. Morin, I. Stojmenovic, and J. Urrutia, 'Routing with guaranteed delivery in ad hoc wireless networks,' ACM Wireless Networks, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 609-616, Nov. 2001
  24. I. Stojmenovic, A. P. Ruhil, and D. K. Lobiyal, 'Veronoi diagram and convex hull based geocasting and routing in wireless networks,' in Proc. IEEE Symp. Computers and Commun., Kerner-Antalya, Turkey, July 2003, pp.51-56