영지의 생리활성 물질

Bioactive Substances from Ganoderma lucidum

  • Bae Woo-Chul (Ilyang Pharm. Co. Ltd., Central Research Institute) ;
  • Kim Yong-Seok (Ilyang Pharm. Co. Ltd., Central Research Institute) ;
  • Lee Jun-Woo (Department of Food Technology Kyungbuk College)
  • 발행 : 2005.06.01

초록

대표적인 유명 식용버섯인 영지는 예전부터 아시아에서 가장 가치있는 약품으로 여겨졌으며 몸을 치료하고 정신을 안정화시키는 미스터리한 힘으로 사람들에게 장수를 가져다주는 것으로 믿어져왔다. 지금도 영지는 전세계에서 건강기능성 식품과 천연물 의약품으로 이용되고 있다. 중국, 한국, 일본, 미국 등에서 실시된 많은 연구에서 영지는 polysaccharide와 triterpene을 포함하여 여러 생리활성 물질을 갖고 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 고혈압, 당뇨, 간장 질환, 암, AIDS 등에 대한 치료와 예방에 대한 효과가 기대되고 있다.

The popular edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum was considered the most valuable medicine in ancient Asia and was belived to bring longevity, due to its mysterious power of healing the body and calming the mind. Today, Ganoderma lucidum is still widely revered as a valuable health supplement and herbal medicine worldwide, as studies (mostly conducted in China, Korea, Japan, America) into the medicinal and nutritional values of Ganoderma lucidum revealed that it does indeed contain certain bioactive ingredient (such as polysaccharide, triterpene) that might be benefical for the prevention and treatment of a variety of ailments, including diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hepatitis, cancer, AIDS.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Baek, S. J., Y. S. Kim, H. M. Yong, J. B. Chae, S. A. Lee, W. C. Bae, D. W. Park, D. Y. Kim, J. W. Lee, and S. K. Park. 2002. Antimetastatic effects of proteoglycan isolated from the mycelium Ganoderma lucidum IY 009 in vitro and in vivo. Yakhak Hoeji 46: 11-17
  2. Bao, X. F, X. S. Fang, Q. Dong, J. N. Fang, and X. Y. Li. 2002. Structural features of immunologically active polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 59: 175-181 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00450-2
  3. Bao, X. F., C. P. Liu, J. N. Fang, and X. Y. Li. 2001. Structural and immunological studies of a major polysaccharide from spores of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. Carbohydr. Res. 332: 67-74 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(01)00075-1
  4. Cheong, J. Y., W. T. Jung, and W. B. Park. 1999. Characterization of an alkali-extracted peptidoglycan from Korean Ganoderma lucidum. Arch. Pharm. Res. 22: 515-519 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979162
  5. Eager, G. 1978. New way of breeding and strain protection for practical mushroom cultivation. Muxh. Sci. 10: 415-420
  6. Eo, S.K., Y. S. Kim, C. K. Lee, and J. Han 2000. Possible mode of antiviral activity of acidic protein bound polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum on herpes simplex viruses. J. Ethnopharmacol. 72: 475-481 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00266-X
  7. Han, M. D. 1994. Antitumor activity of ganoderan extracted form mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum Ph. D. Thesis. Soonchunhyang University
  8. Hawksworth, D. L. 1974. Mycologistis Handbook., p.233. Commonwealth Mycol. Inst., England
  9. Hirotani, M. and T. Furuya. 1990. Changes of the triterpenoid patterns during formation of the fruit body in Ganodema lucidum. Phytochemistry 29: 3767-3771 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85328-D
  10. Hong, W. B., K. S. Chung, M. S. Woo, and B. K. Kim. 1982. Studies on constituents of higher fungi of Korea. Kor. J. Mycol. 10: 147-154
  11. Hsu, M. J., S. S. Lee, and W. W. Lin. 2002. Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum inhibits spontaneous and Fas-mediated apoptosis in human neutrophils through activation of the phospatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathways. J. Leukoc. Biol. 72: 207-216
  12. Hsu, M. J., S. S. Lee, S. T. Lee, and W. W. Lin. 2003. Signaling mechanisms of enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis and chemotaxis by the polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 139: 289-298 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705243
  13. Huie, C. W. and X. Di. 2004. Chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for Lingzhi pharmacologically active components. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol Biomed. Life Sci. 812: 241-257
  14. Kim, H. S., S. Kacew, and B. M. Lee. 1999. In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysachrides (Aloe barbadensis Miller, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor). Carcinogenesis 20: 1637-1640 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/20.8.1637
  15. Kim, Y. S., W. C. Bae, J. M. Park, J. W. Lee, S. J. Baek, S. B. Lee, and K. Y. Yoon. 2004. Protective effects of ${\beta}-Imrnunan$ isolated from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum IY 009 against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Kor J. Microbiol Biotechnol 32: 271-276
  16. Kim, Y. S. 2004. Antitumor activity of proteoglycan ${\beta}-Imrnunan$ extracted form mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum IY 009. Ph. D. Thesis. Soonchunhyang Universit
  17. Kino, K., A. Yamashita, K. Yamaoka, J. Watanabe, S. Tanaka, K. Ko, K. Shimizu, and H. Tsunoo. 1989. Isolation and characterization of a new immunomodulatory protein, Ling zhi-8 (LZ-8), from Ganoderma lucidium. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 472-478
  18. Kino, K., K. Mizumoto, T. Sone, T. Yamaji, J. Watanabe, A. Yamashita, K. Yamaoka, K. Shimizu, K. Ko, and H. Tsunoo, 1990. An immunomodulating protein, Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) prevents insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia. 33: 713-718 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00400340
  19. Kubota, T., Y. Asaka, I. Miura, and H. Mori. 1982. Structure of ganoderic acid A and B, two new lanostane type bitter triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum(Fr.) Karst. Helvetica. Chimica. Acta. 65: 611-619 https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19820650221
  20. Lee, J. M., H. Kwon, H. Jeong, J. W. Lee, S. Y. Le, S. J. Baek, and Y. J. Surf. 2001. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage by Ganoderma lucidum. Phytother. Res. 15: 245-249 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.830
  21. Lee, J. W. 1996. Immunological activities and characterization of GLG isolated form mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum IY009 Ph. D. Thesis. Konkuk University
  22. Lee, S. Y. and T. S. Kang. 1996. Production conditions and characterization of the exo-biopolymer produced by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. Kor. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24: 111-118
  23. Lee, S., S. Park, J. W. Oh, and C. Yang. 1998. Natural inhibitors for the protein prenyltransferase. Planta. Medica. 64: 303-308 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957439
  24. Lei, L. S. and Z. B. Lin. 1992. Effect of Ganoderma polysaccharides on T cell subpopulations and production of interleukin 2 in mixed lymphocyte response. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 27: 331-335
  25. Lin, S. B., C. H. Lee, S. S. Lee, and L. S. Kan. 2003. Triterpene-enriched extracts from Ganoderma lucidum inhibit growth of hepatoma cells via suppressing protein kinase C, activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and G2-phase cell cycle arrest. Life Sci. 72: 2381-2390 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00124-3
  26. Liu, X., J. P. Yuan, C. K. Chung, and X. J. Chen. 2002. Antitumor activity of the sporoderm-broken germinating spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Cancer Res. 22: 3309-3318
  27. Ma, J., Q. Ye, Y. Hua, D. Zhang, R. Cooper, M. N. Chang, J. Y. Chang, and H. H. Sun. 2002. New lanostanoids from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. J. Nat. Prod. 65: 72-75 https://doi.org/10.1021/np010385e
  28. Mau, J. I., H. C. Lin, and C. C. Chen. 2002. Antioxidant properties of several medicinal mushrooms. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 50: 6072-6077. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0201273
  29. Min, B. S., N. Nakamura, H. Miyashiro, K. W. Bae, and M. Hattori. 1998. Triterpenes from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against HIV-l protease. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 46: 1607-1612. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.46.1607
  30. Miyazaki, T. and N. Nishijima. 1981. Studies on fungal polysaccharides. XXVII. Structural examination of a watersoluble, antitumor polysaccharide of Ganoderma lucidum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 29: 3611-3616. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.29.3611
  31. Mizuno, T., N. Kato, A. Totsuka, K. Takenaka, S. Kenkichi, and M. Shimizu. 1984. Fractionation, structural features and antitumor activity of water soluble polysaccharide from 'Reishi' the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 58: 871-880 https://doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.58.871
  32. Mizushina, Y., L. Hanashima, T. Takernura., F. Sugawara, M. Saneyoshi, S. Yoshida, and K. Sakaguchi. 1998. A mushroom fruiting body-inducing substance inhibits activities of replicative DNA polymerases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 249: 17-22 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1998.9091
  33. Nishitoba, T., H. Sato, and S. Sakamura. 1987. Novel mycelial components ganoderic acid Ma, Mh, Mi, Mj, and Mk from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Agric. Biol. Chem. 51: 1149-1153 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.51.1149
  34. Nishitoba, T., H. Sato, S. Shirasu, and S. Sakamura. 1987. Novel triterpenoids from the mycelial mat at the previous stage of fruiting of Ganoderma lucidum. Agric. Biol. Chem. 51: 619-622 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.51.619
  35. Ringler, R. L., R. U. Byerrum, T. A. Steven, P. P. Clark, and C. C. Stock. 1957. Studies on the antitumor substances produced by Basidiomycetes. Antibiot. Chemother. 7: 1-5
  36. Ryvarden, L. 1991. Genera of Polypores, p. 363. In Nomenclature and Taxonomy, Fungi, Flora, Oslo
  37. Shiao, M. S., K. R .. Lee, J. J. Lin, and C. T.Wang, 1994. Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention II,. p. 342. In C. T. Ho (eds), Teas, Spices and Herbs. American Chemical Society, Washington
  38. Shimizu, A., T. Yano, Y Saito, and Y. Inada. 1985. Isolation of an inhibitor of platelet aggregation from a fungus, Ganoderma lucidum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33: 3012-3015. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.33.3012
  39. Shin, H. W., H. W. Kim, E. C. Choi, S. H. Toh, and B. K. Kim. 1985. Studies on inorganic composition and immunopotentiating activity of Ganoderma lucidum in Koera. Kor. J. Pharmacol. 16: 181-190
  40. Sone, Y, R. Okuda, A. Wada, A. Kishida, and A. Misaki. 1985. Structures and antitumor activites of the polysaccharides isolated from fruiting body and the growing cultures of mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum. Agri. Bioi. Chem. 49: 2642-2650
  41. Su, C. Y, M. S. Shiao, and C. T. Wang. 1999. Differential effects of ganodermic acid S on the thromboxane A2-signaling pathways in human platelets. Biochem. Pharmacol. 58: 587-595 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00136-7
  42. Sugiura, T. and H. Ito. 1977. Toxicological studies of Ganoderma lucidum Karst. Tokyo Yakka Daigak, Kenkyu Nempo. 27: 722-725
  43. Tseng, T. C, M. S. Shiao, Y. S. Shieh, and Y. Y Hau. 1984. Studies on Ganoderma lucidum I. Liquid culture and chemical composition of mycelium. Bot. Bull. Academia Sinica. 25: 149-157
  44. Wagner, R., D. A. Mitchell, G. L. Sassaki, and M. A. L. A. Amazonas. 2004. Links between morphology and physiology of Ganoderma lucidum in submerged culture for the production of exopolysaccharide. J. Biotechnol. 114: 153-164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.06.013
  45. Wang, C. N., J. S. Chen, M. S. Shiao, and C. T. Wang. 1991. The inhibition of human platelet function by ganodermic acids. Biochem. J. 277: 189-197
  46. Wang, G, J. Zhang, T. Mizuno, C. Zhuang, H. Ito, H. Mayuzumi, H. Okamoto, and J. Li. 1993. Antitumor active polysaccharides from the Chinese mushroom Songshan lingzhi, the fruiting body of Ganoderma tsugae. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 57: 894-900 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.57.894
  47. Wang, S. Y, M. L. Hsu, H. C. Hsu, S. S. Lee, M. S. Shio, and C. K. Ho. 1997. The antitumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophage and T lymphocytes. Int. J. Cancer. 70: 699-705 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970317)70:6<699::AID-IJC12>3.0.CO;2-5
  48. Wang, Y.Y., K. H. Khoo, S. T. Chen, C. C. Lin, C. H. Wong, and C. H. Lin. 2002. Studies on the immuno-modulating and antitumor activities of Ganoderma lucidum(Reishi) polysaccharides : functional and proteomic analysis of a fucose-containing glycoprotein fraction responsible for the activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10: 1057-1062 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0896(01)00377-7
  49. Won, S. J., M. T. Lin, and W. L. Wu. 1992. Ganoderma tsugae mycelium enhances splenic natural killer cell activity and serum interferon production in mice. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 59: 171-176 https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.59.171
  50. Won, S. J., S. S. Lee, Y H. Ke, and M. T. Lin. 1989. Enhancement of splenic NK cytotoxic activity by the extracts of ganoderma lucidum mycelium in mice. J. Biomed. Lab Sci. 2: 201-213
  51. Yang, F. C, Y. F. Ke, and S. S. Kuo. 2000. Effect of fatty acids on the mycelial growth and polysaccharide formation by Ganoderma lucidum in shake flask cultures. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 27: 295-301 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00213-1
  52. Zhang, H. N. and Z. B. Lin. 2004. Hypoglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25: 191-195
  53. Zhang, J., Q. Tang, M. Zirnmerman-Kordman, W. Reutter, and H. Fan. 2002. Activation of B lymphocytes by GLlS, a bioactive proteoglycan from Ganoderma lucidum. Life Sci. 71: 623-638 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01690-9
  54. Zhong, J. J. and Y. J. Tang. 2004. Submerged cultivation of medicinal mushrooms for production of valuable bioactive metabolites. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 87: 25-59
  55. Zhu, M., Q. Chang, L. K. Wong, F. S. Chong, and R. C. Li. 1999. Triterpene antioxidants from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytother. Res. 13: 529-531 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199909)13:6<529::AID-PTR481>3.0.CO;2-X