Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP (대한전자공학회논문지SP)

The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers (대한전자공학회)
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Study on Image Distortions and Bit-rate Changes Induced by Watermark based-on $4{\times}4$ DCT of H.264/AVC

H.264/AVC의 $4{\times}4$ DCT기반 워터마크에 따른 영상왜곡과 비트율 변화에 대한 연구

  • Kim, Sung-Min (Department of Electronic Engineering, Dongguk University) ;
  • Won, Chee-Sun (Department of Electronic Engineering, Dongguk University)
  • Published : 2005.09.25
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Abstract

There are some problems in directly applying the conventional MPEG bit-stream based watermarking schemes to the bit-stream of a new compression standard, H.264/AVC. In this paper we analyze the effects of the conventional DCT-based watermarking scheme to H.264/AVC, especially in terms of image distortions and bit-rate changes. It turns out that the intra-frame prediction md CAVLC of H.264/AVC with the watermarking worsen the image distortions and bit-rate changes. The experiment results show on average 28.17dB decrease in PSNR and 56.71% increase in bit-rate over all QPs.

지금까지 적용되었던 MPEG(Motion Picture Expert Group)기반의 워터마크(watermark) 기법들은 새로운 압축 표준 H.264/AVC의 달라진 부호화 방식으로 인하여 H.264/AVC에 그대로 적용되기에는 많은 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이전의 압축표준에 사용되었던 DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform)기반의 워터마크 기법이 H.264/AVC에 적용 되었을 때 발생 할 수 있는 문제를 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 영상왜곡 및 비트율(bit-rate) 변화의 측면에서 연구 하였다. 기존의 MPEG-2 사용 되었던 DCT기반 워터마크 기법들이 H.264/AVC에 적용되었을 때 H.264/AVC 부호화의 큰 특징인 인트라(intra) 부호화 및 CAVLC(Context Adaptive Variable Length Coding)의 영향으로 인하여 PSNR은 모든 QP(Quantization Parameter)에 대하여 평균 28.17 dB 감소 되었으며, 비트율은 모든 QP에 대하여 평균 56.71 % 증가 하였다.

Keywords

References

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