References
- Aebi, H. 1974. Methods of enzymatic analysis, pp. 674-678. In H. U. Bergmeyer (ed.), Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.
- An, G. H., D. B. Schuman, and E. A. Johnson. 1989. Isolation of Phaffia rhodoryma mutants with increased astaxanthincontent.Appl. Environ. Microbial. 55: 116- 124.
- Beck, W. S., H. T. Schneider, K. Dietzel, B. Nuemberg, and K. Brune. 1990.Gastrointestinal ulcerations induced by antiinflammatory drugs in rats. Arch. Toxicol. 64: 210- 217.
- Bendich, A. and J. A. Olson. 1989. Biological actions of carotenoides. FASEB J. 3: 1927-1932.
- Bjamason, I., J. Hayllar, A. J. MacPherson, and A. Russell. 1993. Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans. Gastroenterology 104: 1832-1847.
- Djahanguiri, B. 1969. Theproduction of acutegastric ulceration by indomethacin in the rat. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 4: 265-267.
- Hart, F. D. and P. L. Boardman. 1963.Indomethacin: A new non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent. Brit. Med. J. 2: 965-970.
- Hogeboom,G. H. 1955. Methods in Enzymology, pp. 16-19. In S. P. Colowick and N. O. Kaplan (eds.), Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.
- Johnson, E. A. and M. J. Lewis. 1979. Astaxanthin formation by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. J. Gen. Microbiol. 115: 173- 183.
- Jyonouchi, H., L. Zhang, M. Gross, and y. Tomita. 1994. Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: Enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens.Nutr: Cancer 21: 47- 58.
- Kim, J.-H.,C.-W. Kim, and H.-I. Chang. 2004. Screening and characterization of red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous mutants.J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14: 570- 575.
- Kim, S. J., G. J. Kim, D. H. Park, and Y. W. Ryu. 2003. High-level productionof astaxanthinby fed-batch culture of mutant strain Phaffia rhodozyma AJ-6-1. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.13: 175-181.
- Krinsky, N. I. 1989. Antioxidant function of carotenoids. Free Radle. Biol. Med. 7: 617- 635. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(89)90143-3
- Kurashige,M., E. Okimasu,M.lnoue, and K. Utsumi. 1990. Inhibition of oxidative injury of biological membranes by astaxanthin. Physiol. Chem. Physics Med. NMR 22: 27- 38.
- Lanza, F. L. 1984. Endoscopic studies of gastric and duodenal injury after the use of ibuprofen, aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Am. J. Med. 13: 19-24.
- Lawrence, R. A. and R. F. Burk. 1976. Glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-deficient rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 71: 952- 958.
-
Lewis, M. J., N. Ragot, M. C. Berlant, and M. Miranda. 1990. Selection of astaxanthin-overproducing mutants of Phaffia rhodozyma with
$\beta$ -ionone. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 2944- 2945. - Lim, B. P., A. Nagao, J. Terao, K. Tanaka, T. Suzuki, and K. Takama. 1992. Antioxidant activity of xanthophylls on peroxyl radical-mediated phospholipid peroxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1126: 178- 184.
- Lovgren, O. and E. Allander. 1964. Side-effect of indomethacin. Brit. Med. J. 1: 118.
- McCarthy, D. M. 1995. Mechanisms of mucosal injury and healing: The role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 208: 24- 29.
- McCord, J. M. and I. Fridovich. 1967. Superoxide dismutase, an enzymatic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J. BioI. Chem. 244: 6049- 6055.
- Mortensen, A., L. H. Skibsted, and T. Truscott. 2001. The interaction of dietary carotenoids with radical species. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 385: 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2000.2172
- Ohkawa, H., N. Ohishi, and K. Yaki. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxide for animal tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 95: 351- 358.
- Okai, Y. and K. H. Okai. 1996. Possible immunomodulating activities of carotenoids in in vitro cell culture experiments. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 18: 753- 758. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0192-0561(97)85558-0
- Palozza, P. and N. I. Krinsky. 1992. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are potent antioxidants in a membrane model. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 297: 291- 295.
- Parks, D. A. 1989. Oxygen radicals: Mediators of gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Gut 30: 293- 298.
- Soldato, P. D., D. Foschi, G. Benori, and C. Scarpignato. 1985. Oxygen free radicals interact with indomethacin to cause gastrointestinal injury. Agents Actions 17: 484- 488.
- Sun, N. K., S. H. Lee, G. H. Ahn, M. S. Won, and K. B. Song. 2002. Low-dose gamma irradiation as means of isolating carotenoid-hyperproducing yeast mutant. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.12: 1010- 1012.
- Takeuchi, K., K. Ueshima, Y. Hironaka, Y. Fujioka, J. Matsumoto, and S. Okabe. 1991. Oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin in rats. Digestion 49: 175-184.
- Tanaka, J. and Y. Yuda. 1996. Lipid peroxidation in gastric mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin in rats. Bioi. Pharm. Bull. 19: 716-720.
- Tanaka, T., T. Kawamori, M. Ohnishi, H. Makita, H. Mori, K. Satoh, and A. Hara. 1995. Suppression of azoxymethaneinduced rat colon carcinogenesis by dietary administration of naturally occurring xanthophylls astaxanthin and canthaxanthin during the postinitiation phase. Carcinogenesis 16: 2957-2963.
- Tanaka, T., H. Makita, M. Ohnishi, H. Mori, K. Satoh, and A. Hara. 1995. Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Cancer Res. 55: 4059- 4064.
- Tanaka, T., Y.Morishita, M. Suzuki, T. Kojina, A. Okumura, and H. Mori. 1994. Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid astaxanthin. Carcinogenesis 15: 15- 19.
- Tenenbaum, J. 1999. The epidemiology of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 13: 119- 122.
- Vaananen, P. M., J. B. Meddings, and J. L. Wallace. 1991. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in indomethacininduced gastric injury. Am. J. Physiol. 261: G470- G475.
- Yoshikawa, T., Y. Naito, S. Ueda, H. Oyamada, T. Takemura, N. Yoshida, S. Sugino, and M. Kondo. 1990. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal lesions in rats. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 12: 65- 71. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-199001001-00012
- Yuan, J. P. and F. Chen. 1997. Identification of astaxanthin isomers in Haematococcus lacustris by HPLC-photodiode array detection. Biotechnol. Tech. 11: 455- 459.