Tra2${\alpha}$ and hnRNP K might be Functional Partners of Rbm for Regulation of RNA Processes during Spermatogenesis

  • Lee, Jungmin (School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kim, Euisu (School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Jang, Sung Key (Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Rhee, Kunsoo (School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University)
  • Published : 2004.03.01

Abstract

Rbm is a male infertility gene located in the AZFb region of the Y chromosome. Expression pattern of Rbm indicates that Rbm is critical for early phase of male germ cell development. It shares strong structural homology with hnRNP G, suggesting a function as an RNA processing factor. In order to gain a clue on the molecular mechanisms of Rbm on male germ cell development, we examined interactions of Rbm with selected proteins in yeast. The results revealed specific interactions between Rbm, hnRNP K and Tra2${\alpha}$. These results suggest that hnRNP K and Tra2${\alpha}$ may be functional partners of Rbm in male germ cells. We propose a model in which hnRNP K may playa role as a platform for Rbm and Tra2${\alpha}$.

Keywords

References

  1. Andersson M, Page DC, Pettay D, Subrt I, Turleau C, de Grouchy J, and de la Chapelle A (1988) Y; autosome translocations and mosaicism in the aetiology of 45, X maleness: assignment of fertility factor to distal Yq11. Hum Mol Genet 79: 2-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00291700
  2. Beil B, Screaton G, and Stamm S (1997) Molecular cloning of htra2-beta-1 and htra2-beta-2, two human homologs of tra-2 generated by alternative splicing. DNA Cell Biol 16: 679-690
  3. Bomsztyk K, Van Seuningen I, Suzuki H, Denisenko O, and Ostrowski J (1997) Diverse molecular interactions of the hnRNP K protein. FEBS Lett 403: 113-115 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00041-0
  4. Bustelo XR, Suen KL, Michael WM, Dreyfuss G, and Barbacid M (1995) Association of the vav proto-oncogene product with poly(rC)-specific RNA-binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol 15: 1324-1332 https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.15.3.1324
  5. Dauwalder B, Amaya-Manzanares F, and Mattox W (1996) A human homologue of the Drosophila sex determination factor transformer-2 has conserved splicing regulatory functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93: 9004-9009 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.17.9004
  6. Delbridge ML, Lingenfelter PA, Disteche CM, and Graves JA (1999) The candidate spermatogenesis gene RBMY has a homologue on the human X chromosome. Nat Genet 22: 223-224 https://doi.org/10.1038/10279
  7. Denisenko O and Bomsztyk K (2002) Yeast hnRNP K-like genes are involved in regulation of the telomeric position effect and telomere length. Mol Cell Biol 22: 286-297 https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.22.1.286-297.2002
  8. Denisenko ON, O'Neill B, Ostrowski J, Van Seuningen I, and Bomsztyk K (1996) Zik1, a transcriptional repressor that interacts with the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle K protein. J Biol Chem 271: 27701-27706 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.44.27701
  9. Du Q, Melnikova IN, and Gardner PD (1998) Differential effects of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K on Sp1- and Sp3-mediated transcriptional activation of a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor promoter. J Biol Chem 273: 19877-19883 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.31.19877
  10. Elliott DJ, Bourgeois CF, Klink A, Stevenin J, and Cooke HJ (2000) Mammalian germ cell-specific RNA-binding protein interacts with ubiquitously expressed proteins involved in splice site selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 5717-5722 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.11.5717
  11. Expert-Bezancon A, Le Caer JP, and Marie J (2002) Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) K is a component of an intronic splicing enhancer complex that activates the splicing of the alternative exon 6A from chicken beta-tropomyosin pre-mRNA. J Biol Chem 277: 16614-16623 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M201083200
  12. Feilotter HE, Hannon GJ, Ruddell CJ, and Beach D (1994) Construction of an improved host strain for two hybrid screening. Nucleic Acids Res 22: 1502-1503 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.8.1502
  13. Fields S and Song O (1989) A novel genetic system to detect protein-protein interactions. Nature 340: 245-246 https://doi.org/10.1038/340245a0
  14. Foresta C, Moro E, and Ferlin A (2001) Y chromosome microdeletions and alterations of spermatogenesis. Endocr Rev 22: 226-239 https://doi.org/10.1210/er.22.2.226
  15. Hobert O, Jallal B, Schlessinger J, and Ullrich A (1994) Novel signaling pathway suggested by SH3 domain-mediated p95vav/heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K interaction. J Biol Chem 269: 20225-20228
  16. Ito K, Sato K, and Endo H (1994) Cloning and characterization of a single-stranded DNA binding protein that specifically recognizes deoxycytidine stretch. Nucleic Acids Res 22: 53-58 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.1.53
  17. Kim JH, Hahm B, Kim YK, Choi M, and Jang SK (2000) Protein-protein interaction among hnRNPs shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm. J Mol Biol 298: 395-405 https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2000.3687
  18. Lee JM, Hong JP, Kim ES, Kim K, Kim SW, Krishnamurthy H. Chung SSW, Wolgemuth DJ, and Rhee K (2004) Developmental stage-specific expression of Rbm suggests its involvement in early phases of spermatogenesis. Mol Human Reprod: in press https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gah037
  19. Lynch KW and Maniatis T (1995) Synergistic interactions between two distinct elements of a regulated splicing enhancer. Genes Dev 9: 284-293 https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.9.3.284
  20. Ma K, Inglis JD, Sharkey A, Bickmore WA, Hill RE, Prosser EJ, Speed RM, Thomson EJ, Jobling M, Taylor K, et al. (1993) A Y chromosome gene family with RNA-binding protein homology: candidates for the azoospermia factor AZF controlling human spermatogenesis. Cell 75: 1287-1295 https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90616-X
  21. Mahadevaiah SK, Odorisio T, Elliott DJ, Rattigan A. Szot M, Laval SH, Washburn LL, McCarrey JR, Cattanach BM, Lovell-Badge R, and Burgoyne PS (1998) Mouse homologues of the human AZF candidate gene RBM are expressed in spermatogonia and spermatids, and map to a Y chromosome deletion interval associated with a high incidence of sperm abnormalities. Hum Mol Genet 7: 715-727 https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/7.4.715
  22. Matsuo N, Ogawa S, Imai Y, Takagi T, Tohyama M, Stern D, and Wanaka A (1995) Cloning of a novel RNA binding polypeptide (RA301) induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation. J Biol Chem 270: 28216-28222 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.47.28216
  23. Mattox W and Baker BS (1991) Autoregulation of the splicing of transcripts from the transformer-2 gene of Drosophila. Genes Dev 5: 786-796 https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.5.5.786
  24. Mattox W, Palmer MJ, and Baker BS (1990) Alternative splicing of the sex determination gene transformer-2 is sex-specific in the germ line but not in the soma. Genes Dev 4: 789-805 https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.4.5.789
  25. Matunis MJ, Michael WM, and Dreyfuss G (1992) Characterization and primary structure of the poly(C)-binding heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex K protein. Mol Cell Biol 12: 164-171 https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.12.1.164
  26. Mazeyrat S, Saut N, Mattei MG, and Mitchell MJ (1999) RBMY evolved on the Y chromosome from a ubiquitously transcribed X-Y identical gene. Nat Genet 22: 224-226 https://doi.org/10.1038/10282
  27. Michael WM, Eder PS, and Dreyfuss G (1997) The K nuclear shuttling domain: a novel signal for nuclear import and nuclear export in the hnRNP K protein. EMBO J 16: 3587-3598 https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/16.12.3587
  28. Michelotti EF, Michelotti GA, Aronsohn AI, and Levens D (1996) Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a transcription factor. Mol Cell Biol 16: 2350-2360 https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.16.5.2350
  29. Ostareck DH, Ostareck-Lederer A, Wilm M, Thiele BJ, Mann M, and Hentze MW (1997) mRNA silencing in erythroid differentiation: hnRNP K and hnRNP E1 regulate 15-lipoxygenase translation from the 3' end. Cell 89: 597-606 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80241-X
  30. Ostareck-Lederer A, Ostareck DH, Cans C, Neubauer G, Bomsztyk K, Superti-Furga G, and Hentze MW (2002) c-Src-mediated phosphorylation of hnRNP K drives translational activation of specifically silenced mRNAs. Mol Cell Biol 22: 4535-4543 https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.22.13.4535-4543.2002
  31. Ostareck-Lederer A, Ostareck DH, and Hentze MW (1998) Cytoplasmic regulatory functions of the KH-domain proteins hnRNPs K and E1/E2. Trends Biochem Sci 23: 409-411 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01301-2
  32. Ostrowski J, Kawata Y, Schullery DS, Denisenko ON, Higaki Y, Abrass CK, and Bomsztyk K (2001) Insulin alters heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K protein binding to DNA and RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98: 9044-9049 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161284098
  33. Ostrowski J, Schullery DS, Denisenko ON, Higaki Y, Watts J, Aebersold R, Stempka L, Gschwendt M, and Bomsztyk K (2000) Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the regulation of the interaction of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K protein with its protein and RNA partners. J Biol Chem 275: 3619-3628 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.5.3619
  34. Ostrowski J, Van Seuningen I, Seger R, Rauch CT, Sleath PR, McMullen BA, and Bomsztyk K (1994) Purification, cloning, and expression of a murine phosphoprotein that binds the kappa B motif in vitro identifies it as the homolog of the human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K protein. Description of a novel DNA-dependent phosphorylation process. J Biol Chem 269: 17626-17634
  35. Schullery DS, Ostrowski J, Denisenko ON, Stempka L, Shnyreva M, Suzuki H, Gschwendt M, and Bomsztyk K (1999) Regulated interaction of protein kinase Cdelta with the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K protein. J Biol Chem 274: 15101-15109 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.21.15101
  36. Segade F, Hurle B, Claudio E, Ramos S, and Lazo PS (1996) Molecular cloning of a mouse homologue for the Drosophila splicing regulator Tra2. FEBS Lett 387: 152-156 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(96)00496-6
  37. Seong JY, Han J, Park S, Wuttke W, Jarry H, and Kim K (2002) Exonic splicing enhancer-dependent splicing of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone premessenger ribonucleic acid is mediated by $tra2{\alpha}$, a 40-kilodalton serine/arginine-rich protein. Mol Endocrinol 16: 2426-2438 https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2001-0297
  38. Swanson MS and Dreyfuss G (1988) Classification and purification of proteins of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles by RNA-binding specificities. Mol Cell Biol 8: 2237-2241 https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.8.5.2237
  39. Tacke R, Tohyama M, Ogawa S, and Manley JL (1998) Human Tra2 proteins are sequence-specific activators of pre-mRNA splicing. Cell 93: 139-148 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81153-8
  40. Tiepolo L and Zuffardi O (1976) Localization of factors controlling spermatogenesis in the nonfluorescent portion of the human Y chromosome long arm. Hum Mol Genet 34: 119-124 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00278879
  41. van Seuningen I, Ostrowski J, Bustelo XR, Sleath PR, and Bomsztyk K (1995) The K protein domain that recruits the interleukin 1-responsive K protein kinase lies adjacent to a cluster of c-Src and Vav SH3-binding sites. Implications that K protein acts as a docking platform. J Biol Chem 270: 26976-26985 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.45.26976
  42. Venables JP, Elliott DJ, Makarova OV, Makarov EM, Cooke HJ, and Eperon IC (2000) RBMY, a probable human spermatogenesis factor, and other hnRNP G proteins interact with $Tra2{\beta}$ and affect splicing. Hum Mol Genet 9: 685-694 https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/9.5.685
  43. Vergnaud G, Page DC, Simmler MC, Brown L, Rouyer F, Noel B, Botstein D, de la Chapelle A, and Weissenbach J (1986) A deletion map of the human Y chromosome based on DNA hybridization. Am J Hum Genet 38: 109-124
  44. Wadd S, Bryant H, Filhol O, Scott JE, Hsieh TY, Everett RD, and Clements JB (1999) The multifunctional herpes simplex virus IE63 protein interacts with heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K and with casein kinase 2. J Biol Chem 274: 28991-28998 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.41.28991