Journal of Veterinary Clinics (한국임상수의학회지)

The Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics (한국임상수의학회)
권호 표지

Epidemiological Observation on Recent Outbreaks of Canine Distemper in Korea

최근 국내발병 개 디스템퍼에 대한 역학적 조사

  • Doo, Kim (Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Ji-young, Park (Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University) ;
  • So-jeo, Ahn (Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Seok-young, Jeoung (Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Son-il, Pak (Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University)
  • Published : 2004.09.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To characterize the recent outbreaks of canine distemper (CD) in Korea, we carried out epidemiological investigations by clinical observations, serum neutralizing (SN) antibody titer determination and RT-PCR on the 315 dogs which were clinically suspected as canine distemper virus (CDV) infection. One hundred and sixty two of 315 dogs were infected with CDV. Breed or gender did not seem to have effects on the prevalence of CD. The major part of dogs were in young age from 6 weeks to 18 weeks of age, and were not vaccinated or incompletely vaccinated. Clinical signs of dogs with CD were multi systemic and extremely variable. Dogs died from CD had significantly more ocular signs and neurologic signs than those of dogs survived (p<0.05). The SN titers against CDV of 157 (96.9%) dogs were under 1:16, which is less than protective level. One possible explanation for recent outbreaks of CD in Korea might be low antibody titers against CDV because of vaccination failure. Therefore, to reduce the impact of virulent infection in the dog population, dogs should be vaccinated adequately and prophylactic measures should include isolation of young dogs from the dog population until vaccination can be expected to provide protection.

본 연구에서는 최근 국내에서 발병하는 개 디스템퍼(CD)의 역학적 조사를 위하여 2002년 2월부터 2002년 10월까지 강원도, 경기도와 서울특별시의 10개 동물병원 수의사에 의하여 CD에 감염된 것으로 잠정진단된 315마리의 개를 대상으로 하였다. 개체의 신상자료와 임상증상을 조사하였으며 CD를 확진하기 위하여 혈액의 단핵구나 결막 상피세포에서 CDV의 NP gene을 RT-PCR로 증폭하였다. CD로 의심되는 총 315마리 중 162마리가 CD 양성으로 진단 되었으며 성별과 종에 따른 발병율에는 차이가 없었다. 나이별 분포는 백신을 접종해야 하는 기간인 6-18주에 가장 높은 분포를 보였으며 1세 이상에서도 소수 발병하였다. CD환축은 호흡기 증상, 위장관 증상, 눈의 증상 등 다양한 증상이 나타나 임상증상에 근거하여 CD를 진단하기에 어려움이 있었다. CD 양성의 개 중 84.6%가 백신을 한번도 맞지 않았거나 예방접종을 제대로 실시되지 않은 상태였으며 CDV에 대한 혈청 중화 항체가는 96.9%의 개가 방어수준 이하인 1:16 이하를 나타내었다. CD 양성 162 마리와 CD음성으로 진단 된 153마리의 혈청 중화 항체가 사이에는 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었으며 (P<0.05), CD 양성 개 중에 생존 한 개들은 폐사한 개들보다 중화 항체가 높은 경향을 보였다. 눈의 증상과 신경증상을 보인 개체들은 다른 개체들에 비해 생존율이 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다 (P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과 현재 국내에서 발병하고 있는 개 디스템퍼는 예방접종의 실패에 따라 개들의 항체 수준이 전반적으로 낮은 것에 기인하는 것으로 판단되므로 예방접종에 대한 전반적인 검토가 필요하며 예방을 위하여 감염에 취약한 시기에는 감염원에 접촉을 최소화하는 것이 중요할 것으로 판단되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. An DJ, Song JY, Lee JB, Park JH, Shin JH, Kim YH, An SH. Strain differectiation of canine distemper virus by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Korean J Vet Res 1999; 39: 778-785
  2. Appel MJG, Gillespie JH. Canine distemper virus. Virol Mornogr 1972; 11: 1-94
  3. Appel MJG, Robson DS. A microneutralization test for canine distemper virus. Am J Vet Res 1973; 34: 1459-1463
  4. Blixenkrone-Moller M, Svansson V, Have P, Oorvell C, Appel M, Pedersen IR, Dietz HH, Henriksen P. Studies on manifestations of canine distemper virus infection in an urban dog population. Vet Microbiol 1993; 37: 163-173 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(93)90190-I
  5. Bolt G, Jensen TD, Gottschalck E, Arctander P, Appel, MJG, Buckland R, Blixenkrone-Moller M. Genetic diversity of the attachment (H) protein gene of current field isolates of canine distemper virus. J Gene Virol 1997; 78: 367-372
  6. Bush M, Montali RJ, Brownstein D, James AE Jr, Appel MJG. Vaccine-induced canine distemper in a lesser panda. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976; 169: 959-960
  7. Chappuis G. Control of canine distemper. Vet Microbiol 1995; 44: 351-358 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(95)00028-9
  8. Ek-Kommonen C, Sihvonen L, Pekkanen K, Rikula U, Nuotio L. Outbreak off canine distemper in vaccinated dogs in Finland. Vet Rec 1997; 141: 380-383 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.141.15.380
  9. Fenner FJ, Gibbs EPJ, Murphy FA, Rott R, Studdert MJ, White DO. Paramyxoviridae. In: Veterinary Virology, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press. 1993: 471-488
  10. Frisk AL, Kong M, Moritz A, Baumgartner W. Detection of canine distemper virus nucleoprotein RNA by reverse transcription-PCR using serum, whole blood, and cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with distemper. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3634-3643
  11. Gemma T, Watari T, Akiyama K, Miyashita N, Shin YS, Iwatsuki K, Kai C, Mikami T. Epidemiological observation on recent outbreaks of canine distemper in Tokyo. J Vet Med Sci 1996; 58: 547-550 https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.58.547
  12. Greene CE, Appel MJ. Canine distemper. In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co. 1990: 226-241
  13. Hass L, Martens W, Greiser-Wilke I, Mamaev L, Butina T, Maack D, Barrett T. Analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of current wild-type canine distemper virus isolates from Germany. Virus Res 1997; 48: 165-171 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1702(97)01449-4
  14. Hass L, Liermann H, Harder TC, Barrett T, Lochelt M, von Messling V, Baumgartner W, Greiser-Wilke I. Anaylsis of the H gene, the central untranslated region and the proximal coding part of the F gene of wild-type and vaccine canine distemper viruses. Vet Microbiol 1999; 69: 15-18 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00081-4
  15. Hashimoto M, Une Y, Mochizuki M. Hemagglutinin genotype profiles of canine distemper virus from domestic dogs in Japan. Arch Virol 2001; 146: 149-155 https://doi.org/10.1007/s007050170198
  16. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. New York: John-Wilkey & Sons. 1989
  17. Iwatsuki K, Tokiyoshi S, Hirayama N, Nakamura K, Ohashi K, Wakasa C, Mikami T, Kai C. Antigenic differences in the H proteins of canine distemper viruses. Vet Microbiol 2000; 71: 281-286 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00172-8
  18. Kim D, Ahn SJ, Kwon HM. Diagnosis of canine distemper by RT-PCR, nested PCR, and neutralization test. J Vet Clin 2000; 17: 13-20
  19. Lappin MR. Viral Diseases. In: Practical small animal internal medicine, 3rd ed. Philadelpia: WB Saunders Co. 1997: 874-877
  20. McCandlish lAP. Specific Infections of the Dog. In: Textbook of small animal medicine. Philadelpia: WB Saunders Co. 1999: 926-930
  21. Muller G, Siebert U; Wunschmann A, Artelt A, Baumgartner W. Immunohistological and serological investigation of morbillivirus infection in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the German Baltic and North Sea. Vet Microbiol 2000; 75: 17-25 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00209-1
  22. Olson P, Finnsdottir H, Klingeborn B, Hedhammar A. Duration of antibodies elicited by canine distemper virus vaccinations in dogs. Vet Rec 1997; 141: 654-655
  23. Rikula U, Pankala L, Jalkanen L, Sihbonen L. Distemper vaccination of farmed fur animals in Finland. Prev Vet Med 2001; 49: 125-133 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(01)00177-5
  24. Saliki JT, Lehenbauer TW. Monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of morbillivirus antibody in marine mammal sera. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1877-1881 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.39.5.1877-1881.2001
  25. Sherding RG. Canine distemper. In: Saunders manual of small animal practice, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co. 2000: 106-109
  26. Sidhu MS, Husar W, Cook SD, Dowling PC, Udem SA. Canine distemper terminal and intergenic non-protein coding nucleotide sequences: completion of the entire CDV genome sequence. Virology 1993; 193: 66-72 https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1993.1103
  27. Shin YS, Mori T, Okita M, Gemma T, Kai C, Mikami T. Detection of canine distemper virus nucleocapsid protein gene in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by RT-PCR. J Vet Med Sci 1995; 57: 439-445 https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.57.439
  28. Twark L, Dodds WJ. Clinical use of serum parvovirus and distemper virus antibody titers for determining revaccination strategies in healthy dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217: 1021-1024 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.1021
  29. Visser IK, Van Bressem MF, de Swart RL, van de Bildt MW, Vos HW, van der Heijden RW, Saliki JT, Orvell C, Kitching P, Kuiken T, Barrett T, Osterhaus ADME. Characterization of morbilliviruses isolated from dolphins and porpoises in Europe. J Gen Virol 1993; 74: 631-641 https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-74-4-631
  30. Yoon KB, Kang MI, Park NY, Han DU. Seroepidemiological survey on canine distemper, canine parvovirus, canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, canine adenovirus type-2, canine para-influenzavirus of dogs by indirect immunofluorescent test. Korean J Vet Res 1995; 35: 75-85