Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Accuracy of Ultrasonography in Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Doe

  • Singh, N.S. (Department of Livestock Production and Management College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry) ;
  • Gawande, P.G. (Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary sciences and Animal Husbandry) ;
  • Mishra, O.P. (Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary sciences and Animal Husbandry) ;
  • Nema, R.K. (Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary sciences and Animal Husbandry) ;
  • Mishra, U.K. (Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary sciences and Animal Husbandry) ;
  • Singh, Mohan (Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary sciences and Animal Husbandry)
  • Received : 2003.08.07
  • Accepted : 2004.01.27
  • Published : 2004.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis in goats. Ultrasonographic scanning with real time B-mode ultrasound machine having 5 MHz linear array transducer was performed on gravid uterus (n=24) obtained from slaughterhouse (Group I). Crown rump length (CRL) measured by ultrasound was found significantly different (p<0.05) with actual CRL measured after dissection in early pregnancy. However, age predicted by ultrasound through the measurement of CRL was found highly correlated (r=0.92) with age measured after dissection through CRL and the weight of fetus. Ages predicted by ultrasound through the measurement of trunk diameter (TD) and uterine diameter (UD) and ages measured after dissection were found highly and equally correlated (r=0.98) and did not differ significantly. Data from six does synchronized (Group II) with PGF2$\alpha$ (Estrumate) at 11 days apart were collected through ultrasound from 17 to 42 days post breding. The correlation between CRL and gestational age was high (r=0.97) in day 30 to 42 post breeding. A high coefficient of correlation (r=0.98) was also observed between predicated age by ultrasound and actual age calculated after kidding. The correlation between CRL and gestational age by the formula Y=(a+bX) i.e. Y=24.42+0.39 X where Y=gestational age and X=CRL, was recorded very high (r=0.99). Accuracy of ultrasonography was lowest on day 17 to 19 (66%) and reached 100% on day 34. Data from 30 does (group III) randomly subjected to only one time ultrasounds scanning to assess the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis were also obtained. Ages predicted by TD and UD measurements were observed to be non-significantly different with actual age obtained after kidding and correlation between ages predicted by TD and UD measurement with actual age after kidding was found equally and highly correlated (r=0.98). The operator's accuracy in the whole experiment including all three groups was found to be 92%. The sensitivity was 93% and specificity was 86%. From the present study, it was observed that CRL was the most reliable parameter to find out gestational age in early pregnancy and the new formula derived was found very accurate to find out gestational age. TD and UD were also found to be equally reliable parameter to find out gestational age in mid and late stage of pregnancy through ultrasonography. It was concluded that ultrasonography by real time B mode with 5 MHz transrectal transducer was found to be reliable, safe and accurate and practicable means in diagnosing early pregnancy diagnosis as early as 25 days post breeding.

Keywords

References

  1. Aiumlamai, S., G. Fredriksson and L. Nilsfors. 1992. Real time ultrasonography for determining gestational age of ewes. Vet. Rec. 131:560-562.
  2. Biswas, J. C. and G. L. Koul. 1994. Note on gestation length of pashmina producing Himalayan Chegu goats. I. J. Anim. Hlth. 33(2 ):129-130.
  3. Buckrell, B. C. 1988. Application of ultrasonography in reproduction in sheep and goats. Theriogenology 29:71-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(88)90032-5
  4. Davey, C. G. 1986. An evaluation of pregnancy testing in sheep using a real time ultrasound scanner. Aust. Vet. J. 63:347-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02889.x
  5. Deas, D. W. 1977. Pregnancy diagnosis in the ewe by an ultrasonic rectal probe. Vet. Rec. 101:113-115. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101.6.113
  6. Doize, F., D. Vaillancourt, H. Carabin and D. Belanger. 1997. Determination of gestational age in sheep and goats transrectal ultrasonographic measurement of plancentome. Theriogenology 48:449-460.
  7. Evans, H. E. and W. O. Sack. 1973. Prenatal development of domestic and laboratory mammals. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 2:11-15.
  8. Fakruddin. 1996. The Livestock and Poultry Wealth. 1st Edn. NBS Publishers and Distributors, Bikaner. p. 137.
  9. Ford, E. J. H. 1983. Pregnancy toxaemia. In: Martin, W.B.: Diseases of sheep. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, pp. 147-151.
  10. Gade, S. N. and R. C. Takarkheda. 2002. Efficacy of $PGF_{2}{\alpha}$ on estrus synchronization in Osmanabadi goats. Indian Vet. J. 79 (9):967.
  11. Garcia, A., M. K. Neary, G. R. Kelly and R. A. Pierson. 1993. Accuracy of ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis in the ewe. Theriogenology 39:847-861.
  12. Ginther, O. J. and S. A. Pierson. 1984. Ultrasonic anatomy of equine ovaries. Theriogenology 21:471-483.
  13. Goel, A. K. and K. P. Agrawal. 1992. A review of pregnancy diagnosis techniques in sheep and goats. Small Rumin. Res. 9:255-264.
  14. Gonzalez, B. A., M. J. Santiago and S. A. Lopez. 1998. Estimation of fetal development in Manchega dairy ewes by transrectal ultrasonographic measurements. Small Rumin. Res. 27:243-250.
  15. Grace, N. D., A. D. Beach, T. D. Quinlivan and B. Ward. 1989. Multiple pregnancy diagnosis of ewes using real time ultrasonic body scanner and video- fluoroscopy systems. Proceeding of New-Zealand Society of Animal Production 49:107-111.
  16. Haibel, G. K. 1990. Use of ultrasonography in the reproductive management of sheep and goats herd. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Anim. Pract. 6:97-613.
  17. Humbolt, P., G. de Montigny, F. Tetedoic, B. Payen, M. Thibier and R. G. Sasser. 1990. Pregnancy specific protein B and progesterone concentrations in French Alpine goats throughout gestation. J. Reprod. Fert. 89:205-212.
  18. Ishwar, A. K. and J. N. Pandey. 1990. Estrus synchronization and fertility behavior in Black Bengal following either progesterone or prostaglandin treatment. Theriogenology 34 (5):1015-1023.
  19. Jainudeen, M. R., M. Wahid and E. S. E. Hafez. 2000. Sheep and Goats. In: Reproduction in farm animals. (Ed. B. Hafez and E. S. E. Hafez),7th edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
  20. Jitendra Kumar, R. K. Chandolia, S. K. Verma, I. S. Lohan, J. S. Rana and D. C. Bhatia. 2000. Ultrasonogrsphic studies on early fetal development in goat. Paper presented in XVI Annual convention and National symposium of ISSAR on Reproduction management for optimizing production from livestock. Nov. 6-8. BAU. Ranchi. India.
  21. Johns Michael. 2002. Pregnancy diagnosis in ewes. Farm note 74/99. Deptt of Agril. West Australia.
  22. Kahn, W., B. Kahn, A. Richter, J. Schulz and M. Wolf. 1995. Sonography during the pregnancy of sheep. I. Fetometry for the determination of the stage of gestation and prediction of the time of parturition. Tierklinik. Munchen 20:115-123.
  23. Kareni, A., P. Kovacs, J. F. Becker and O. Szencii. 2001. Pregnancy diagnosis in sheep: Review of the most practicable methods. Acta Vet. Brno. 70:115-126.
  24. Kaulfuss, K. H., K. Uhlich, S. Brabant, K. Blume and K. Strittmatter. 1999. Real time ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis (B-mode) in sheep.1. Frequent examination during the first month of pregnancy. Tiermedizinisches Zentrum. Wittenburg. 30:275-286.
  25. Lindahl, I. L. 1971. Pregnancy diagnosis in ewe by intrarectal Doppler. J. Anim. Sci. 32:922-925. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1971.325922x
  26. Logue, N. D., J. T. Hall, S. McRoberts and H. Waterhouse. 1987. Real time ultrasonic scanning in sheep: The results of first year of its application on farms in South West Scotland. Vet. Rec. 121:146-149.
  27. Madel, A. J. 1983. Detection of pregnancy in ewe lambs by Amode ultrasound. Vet. Rec. 112:11-12. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.112.1.11
  28. Martinez, M. F., P. Bosch and R. A. Bosch. 1998. Determination of early pregnancy and embryonic growth in goat by transrectal ultrasound scanning. Theriogenology 49:1555-1565.
  29. Meredith, M. J. and M. O. K. Madani. 1980. The detection of pregnancy in sheep by A-mode ultrasound. Br. Vet. J. 136:325-330.
  30. Mia, M. M., A. Ali and A. K. F. H. Bhuiyan. 1996. The reproductive performance of Black Bengal, Barbari, Barbari X Black Bengal and Anglo Nubian goats. Indian Vet. J. 73: 1048-1052.
  31. Murray, R. D. and R. Newstead. 1988. Determination of steroid hormones in goat milk and plasma as an aid to pregnancy diagnosis using an ELISA. Vet. Rec. 122:158-161.
  32. Na, J. S., J. S. Kim and B. K. Kang. 1987. Embryo Transfer in Korean Native goats. Kor. J. Anim. Sci. 29(7):295-302.
  33. Perrera, B. M. A., T. A. Bongso and P. Abeynaike. 1978. Oestrus synchronization in goats using Cloprostenol. Vet. Rec. 102: 314.
  34. Phalak, K. R., A. D. Patil, B. P. Kurhe and R. L. Dhoble. 2000. Efficacy of $PGF_{2}{\alpha}$ through IVSM route for oestrus synchronization in Osmanabadi goats. Intas Polivet 1:313-314.
  35. Rainio,Vesa. 1992. Estrus synchronization in Finn sheep with cloprostenol. Theriogenelogy 37:280.
  36. Refstal, K. R., J. V. Martiuk, C. S. F. Williams and R. F. Nachreiner. 1991. Concentration of estrone sulphate in peripheral serum of pregnant goats: relationship of gestational length, foetal number and the occurrence of foetal death in utero. Theriogenology 36:449-461.
  37. Richardson, C. 1972. Diagnosis of pregnancy in the ewe by vaginal biopsy. Br. Vet. J. 128:316-329.
  38. Roy, R. 1991. Indian dairyman. 13:48-49. Cited by B. Prakash and D. S. Balain. 1992. In conservation, evaluation and utilization of goat germ plasm resource in India. Indian J. Anim. Prod. Mgmt. 8:1-22.
  39. Schrick, F. N. and E. K. Inskeep. 1993. Determination of early pregnancy in ewes utilizing transrectal ultrasonogrsphy. Theriogenology 40:295-306.
  40. Sergeev, L., D. O. Kleeman, S. K. Walker, D. H. Smith, T. L. Grosser, T. Mann and R. F. Seamark. 1990. Real time ultrasound imaging for predicting ovine foetal age. Theriogenology 34:593-601.
  41. Shin, S. T., H. G. Shin, Y. S. Choi, H. S. Yang, S. K. Jang, O. K. Lee, J. H. Lim, S. W. Jin, C. S. Lee and Y. W. Lee. 2001. Ultrasound for detecting the early pregnancy and estimating the fetal age in Korean Black goats. Theriogenology 55: 533.
  42. Singh, Yashwant, D. N. Sharma and L. D. Dhingra. 1979. Morphogenesis of testis in goat. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 49(11):925-931.
  43. Smith, M. C. 1980. Caprine reproduction.In: (Ed. D. A. Morrow), Current therapy in Theriogenology (1st edn.) W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, P.A. pp. 975-977.
  44. Snedecor, G. W. and W. G. Cochran. 1994. Statistical methods. 8th Edn. IOWA. State University Press, Ames, IOWA.
  45. Trapp, M. J. and A. L. Slyter. 1983. Prgnancy diagnosis in the ewe. J. Anim. Sci. 57:1-15.
  46. Wani, G. M., H. Gelderman. and J. Hann. 1985. Oestrus synchronization in goat Zuchthygiene 20(5):247-250.
  47. Watt, B. R., G. A. Anderson and I. P. Campell. 1984. A comparison of six methods used for detecting pregnancy in sheep. Aust. Vet. J. 61:377-381.
  48. White, I. R., A. J. F. Russel and D. G. Fowler. 1984. Real time ultrasonic scanning in the diagnosis of pregnancy and determination of foetal numbers in sheep. Vet. Rec. 115:140-143.
  49. White, I. R., A. J. F. Russel, I. A. Wright and J. K. Whyte. 1985. Real time ultrasonic scanning in the diagnosis of pregnancy and estimation of gestational age in cattle. Vet. Rec. 117:5-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.117.1.5
  50. Zipper, N., K. H. Kaulfuss, J. May and K. Elze. 1997. Real time ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. Part 3: diagnosis of the numbers of embryos and fetuses. Tierarztliche-Praxis. 25(3):213-222.

Cited by

  1. Ultrasonic Assessment During Pregnancy in Goats - A Review vol.47, pp.1, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01873.x
  2. Estimation du poids du fœtus de la chèvre sahélienne à partir des mesures échographiques des paramètres fœtaux vol.94, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-050
  3. Slaughter of pregnant goats for meat at Nsukka slaughterhouse and its economic implications: A public health concern vol.11, pp.8, 2018, https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.1139-1144
  4. Predicting Parturition Time through Ultrasonic Measurement of Posture Changing Rate in Crated Landrace Sows vol.20, pp.5, 2004, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.682
  5. Early pregnancy diagnosis and embryonic and fetal development using real time B mode ultrasound in goats vol.80, pp.1, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.10.002
  6. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography for early pregnancy diagnosis in Saanen goats: A pilot study vol.105, pp.1, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.02.013
  7. Prevalence and economic losses of calf fetal wastage in ELAKAT public slaughterhouse of Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo vol.12, pp.10, 2019, https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1644-1649