Calculation of Bulk and Solution Electrical Conductivity of Soil Using Time Domain Reflectometry Measurements

TDR을 이용한 토양 총전기전도도 및 용액전기전도도 측정

  • Bae, Byung-Sul (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Choi, Woo-Jung (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Han, Gwang-Hyun (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Han, Kyung-Hwa (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Yoo, Sun-Ho (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Ro, Hee-Myong (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University)
  • 배병술 (서울대학교 농생명공학부) ;
  • 최우정 (서울대학교 농생명공학부) ;
  • 한광현 (서울대학교 농생명공학부) ;
  • 한경화 (서울대학교 농생명공학부) ;
  • 류순호 (서울대학교 농생명공학부) ;
  • 노희명 (서울대학교 농생명공학부)
  • Received : 2002.12.17
  • Accepted : 2003.01.03
  • Published : 2003.02.28

Abstract

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a newly developed method for measuring simultaneously solute concentrations and volumetric water content of soil. Bulk electrical conductivity ($EC_a$) of soil is obtained from TDR signal using several equations proposed, and electrical conductivity of soil solution ($EC_w$) can be calculated using the linear relationship $EC_a=EC_w\theta(a\theta+b)+EC_s$ between $EC_a$ and $EC_w$ at constant soil water content. The objectives of this study were to evaluate $EC_a$ proposed by several workers and to obtain the empirical constants (a, b, and $EC_s$) for $EC_w$ of the soils from A, Bl, and B2 horizon of an agricultural field (Coarse loamy, Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts). The $EC_a$ proposed by Yanuka et al. responded most sensitively to the KCl solute concentrations. The empirical constants of a, b, and $EC_s$ for $EC_w$ were -0.249, 1.358, and 0.054 for A horizon, -2.518, 2.708, and 0.097 for Bl horizon, and 2.490, -0.250, and 0.103 for B2 horizon, respectively. Therefore, the results of this study showed that Yanuka et al. equation was most useful one in determining $EC_a$, from TDR signal for agricultural soil with low salinity and that the empirical constants for the calculation of $EC_w$, from $EC_a$ can be obtained through a simple calibration experiment.

Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR)은 토양의 순분함량과 전기전도도를 측정할 수 있는 비파괴적인 방법이다. 초기 전자파에 대한 TDR 반향파의 감쇄정도를 이용하여 토양의 총전기전도도($EC_a$)를 직접 계산할 수 있는 다양한 식들이 제안된 바 있다. 또한, $EC_a$로부터 보다 실질적인 의미가 있는 토양 용액의 전기전도도($EC_w$)를 계산하기 위해서는 일정 토양 수분 함량에서 $EC_a$$EC_w$가 갖는 직선관계식[$EC_a=EC_w{\theta}(a{\theta}+b)+EC_s$]이 이용된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 TDR 신호를 이용하여 $EC_a$를 계산할 수 있는 다양한 식을 비교하여 가장 적합한 식을 제안하고, 농경지 토양(강서통, A, B1, B2 층위)을 대상으로 $EC_a$로부터 $EC_w를 계산할 때 필요한 실험상수(a, b, $EC_s$)를 구하고자 하였다. $EC_a$는 KCl 농도가 증가함에 따라 직선적으로 증가하였고, 특히 Yanuka 등이 제안한 식으로 계산한 $EC_a$가 용질 농도에 가장 민감하게 반응하였다. 직선회귀식을 이용하여 $EC_a$$EC_w$의 상관관계식의 실험 상수 (a, b, $EC_s$)를 구한 결과, 각각 -0.249, 1.358, 0.054(A층), -2.518, 2.708, 0.097(B1층), 2.490, -0.250, 0.103 (B2층)으로 조사되었다. 따라서 이상의 연구 결과는 TDR 신호를 이용해서 염농도가 낮은 일반 농경지 토양의 $EC_a$를 계산할 때 Yanuka 등이 제안한 식을 적용하는 것이 바람직하며, $EC_w$를 계산할 때 이용되는 $EC_w$-$EC_a$ 상관관계식의 상수는 간단한 실험실내 보정 시험을 통해 구할 수 있음을 보여준다.

Keywords

References

  1. Dalton, F.N., W.N. Herkelrath, D.S. Rawlins, and F.D.Rhoades. 1984. Time-domain reflectometry: Simultaneousmeasurement of soil water and electrical conductivitieswith a single probe. Science 224:989-990 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4652.989
  2. Giese, K., and R. Tiemann. 1975. Determination of thecomplex permitivity from thin sample time domainreflectometry: Improved analysis of the step responsewaveform. Adv. Mol. Relax. Processes 7:45-59 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8716(75)80013-7
  3. Mallants, D., M. Vanclooster, N. Toride, J. Vanderborght, M.Th. van Genuchten, and J. Peyen. 1996. Comparison ofthree methods to calibrate TDR for monitoring solutemovement in undisturbed soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.60:747-754 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000030010x
  4. Nadler, A., S. Dasberg, and I. Lapid. 1991. Time domainreflectometry measurements of water content and electricalconductivity of layered soil columns. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.55:938-943 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040007x
  5. Persson, M. 1997. Soil solution electrical conductivitymeasurements under transient conditions using timedomain reOectometry. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:997-1003 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100040001x
  6. Rhoades, J.D., N.A. Manteghi, P.J Shouse, and W.J. Alves.1989. Soil electrical conductivity and soil salinity: Newformulations and calibrations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:433-439 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300020020x
  7. Rhoades, J.D., P.A. C. RaKs, and R.J. Prather. 1976. Effectsof liquid phase electrical conductivity, water content, andsurface conductivity on bulk soil electrical conductivity.Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 40:651-655 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000050017x
  8. Topp, G.C., M. Yanuka, W.D. Zebchuk, and S. Zegelin.1988. Determination of electrical conductivity using timedomain reflectometry: Soil and water experiments incoaxial lines. Water Resour. Res. 24: 945-952 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i007p00945
  9. Vanclooster, M., D. Mallants, J. Vanderborght, J. Diels, J.Van Orshoven, and J. Feyen. 1995. Monitoring solutetransport in a multi-layered sandy lysimeter using timedomain reflectometry. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59:337-344 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900020010x
  10. Ward, A.L., R.G. Kachanoski, and D.E. Elrick. 1994. Laboratory measurements of solute transport using timedomainreHectometry. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:1031-1039 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800040006x
  11. Yanuka, M., G.C. Topp, S.J. Zegelin, and W.D. Zebchuck.1988. Multiple reflections and attenuation of TDR pulse:theoretical considerations for applications to soil and water.Water Resour. Res. 24:939-944 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i007p00939
  12. Yoo, S.H., G.H. Han, B.S. Bae, and M.E. Park. 1999.Monitoring of water content and electrical conductivity inpaddy soil profile by time domain reflectometry. J. KoreanSoc. Soil Sci. Fert. 32: 365-374
  13. Zegelin, S.J., I. White, and D.R. Jenkins. 1989. Improvedfield probes for soil water content and electricalconductivity measurements using time domainreOectometry. WaterResour. Res. 25:2367-2376 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i011p02367