Functional Characteristics from the Barley Leaves and its antioxidant mixture - Study on the Nitrite Scavenging Effect -

맥엽 및 항산화 조성물의 생리 기능적 특성에 관한 연구 - 아질산염 소거능을 중심으로 -

  • Hong, I-Jin (Aminogen Co. Ltd., Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University) ;
  • Park, Hyeung-Geun (Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Jew, Sang-Sup (Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kim, Kyung-Tack (Department of Ginseng Science Research, Korea Food Research Institute) ;
  • Lee, Sung-Hee (Aminogen Co. Ltd., Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University)
  • Published : 2003.11.30

Abstract

This study was conducted to estimate the biofunctional characteristics, namely nitrite scavenging effect of barley leaves (BL) and their mixture (AM) with other antioxidants. Aqueous or methanol extracts were obtained from BL and AM. Aqueous and methanol extracts from barley leaves had relatively higher nitrite scavenging effects and its activities and contents increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The activities and contents of methanol extracts obtained from BL and AM were higher than those of aqueous extracts. Especially, AM containing BL and other antioxidant mixture had the highest activities and contents increased in a concentration-dependent manner. BL or AM were added to macrophage cells of RAW 264.7. Survival rates of the cells treated with BL and AM were measured to be different. $IC_{50}$ value decreased in a concentration-dependent manner by the addition of aqueous or methanol extracts from BL and AM. Especially, methanol extracts of AM had the highest nitrite scavenging effects. Thus, BL and AM may have protective effect against carcinogen and immune ability against reactive molecules through NO (nitric oxide) signal pathway. From the above results, barley leaves appear to contain natural anticancer and immune-related agents and may have potentiality to be used as functional food ingredients.

맥엽과 이를 이용한 항산화 조성물을 제조하여 이에 존재하는 nitrite scavenging효과와 이에 따른 발암원으로 부터의 보호 효과를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 맥엽과 항산화 조성물 모두 수층에 비하여 메탄올층에서 아질산염 소거능이 2배 이상 높게 나타나 M-BL50의 0.01 mg/ml 농도에서 약 64.3%, M-AM 0.01 mg/ml 처리군이 이보다 약간 높은 68.3% 정도로 나타내었다. 마우스 단핵구 기원인RAW 264.7(macrophage, mouse)에 맥엽과 항산화 조성물의 수층과 메탄올층을 처리하고 세포 생존율을 측정한 결과 수층 처리군에 비해 메탄올층 처리군에서 모두 세포 생존율이 더 낮게 측정되었으며 모든 시료에서 농도의존적으로 세포 증식이 억제되었다. 특히, M-AM을 처리한 군의 경우 모든 농도에서 가장 낮은 세포 생존율을 나타내어 항산화물 첨가에 의해 세포 증식 억제 효과가 상승됨을 알 수 있었으며 $IC_{50}$ 수치 또한 메탄올층과 A-AM시료 처리군에서 현저히 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. 또한 세포 내 아질산염 소거능을 측정한 결과 역시 마찬가지로 맥엽 입자 크기에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았으며 수층 처리군에 비해 메탄올층 처리군과 항산화물을 첨가한 군에서 모두 높은 소거능을 나타내어 맥엽 및 기타 항산화물을 섭취함으로써 체내에서의 니트로사민 생성을 억제시킬 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Kator, K. (1988) In Aging: Active oxygen-molecular mechanism of its productionscavenging and effect in organism. Kyourits publishing Co, Tokyo, Japan
  2. Yoshihide, H. and Takarazuka, H. (1974) Process for producing powders of green leaves of wheat and barley. U.S. Patent 3,787,591
  3. Greenblatt, M., Mirvish, S. and So, B. T. (1971) Nitrosamine studies: Inducdon of lung adenomas by concurrent administration of sodium nitrite and secondary amines in Swiss mice. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 46, 1029-1034
  4. Kao, F. T. and Puck, T. T. (1971) Mutagenesis by carcinogenic nitroso compounds. J. Cell. Physiol. 78, 139-144 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040780117
  5. Bartsh, H., Ohshima, H. and Pignatell, B. (1988) Inhibition of endogenous nitrosation: Mechanism and implicadons in human cancer prevention. Mutat. Res. 202, 307-324 https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(88)90194-7
  6. Leaf, C. D., Wishnok, J. S. and Tannenbaum, S. R. (1989) Mechanisms of endogenous nitrosadon. Cancer Surv. 8, 323-334
  7. Byers, T. and Perry, G. (1992) Dietary carotenes, vitamin C and vitamin E as protective antioxidants in human cancers. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 12, 135-159
  8. Gray, J. I. And Dugan, J. R. (1975) hihibition of N-nitrosamine formation in model food systems. J. Food Sci. 40, 981-984 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1975.tb02248.x
  9. Iyengar, R., Stuehr, D. J., and Marletta, M. A. (1987) Macrophage synthesis of nitrite, nitrate and N-nitrosamines: Precursors and role of the respiratory burst. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 6369-6376 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.18.6369
  10. Furchgott, R. F., and Zawadzki, J. V. (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relazation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288, 373-376 https://doi.org/10.1038/288373a0
  11. Mellion, B. T., Ignatto, L. J., Ohlstein, E. H., Pontecorvo, E. G., Hyman, A. L. and Kadowitz, P. J. (1981) Evidence for the inhibiroty role of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in ADP induced human platelet aggregadon in the presence of nitric oxide and related vasodilators. Blood 57, 946-955
  12. Bret, D. S. and Snyder, S. H. (1992) Nitric oxide: a novel neuronal messenger. Neuron 8, 8-11
  13. Toshihiko, O., Hirataka K., Yoshihide H., Hideaki H. and Takayuki S. (1992) A novel antioxidant isolated from young green barley leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40, 1135-1138
  14. Lee, Y.C., Son, J.Y, Kim, K.T. and Kim S.S. (1994) Antioxidant activity of solvent extract isolated from barley leaves. Korean J. Food Nutr. 1, 332-337
  15. Kato, H., Lee, I. E., Chuyen, N. V., Kim, S. B. and Hayase, F. (1987) Inhibidon of nitrosamine formation by nondialyzable melanoidins. Agric. Bio. Chem. 51, 1333-1338 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.51.1333
  16. Kim, K. T., Soek, H. M. and Kim, S. S. (1994) Changes in physicochemical charactehstics of barley leaves during growth. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 26, 471-474
  17. Lee, Y. J. and Han, J. P (2000) Antioxidadve acdvities and nitrite scavenging abilities of extracts from Ulmus devidiana. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 893-899
  18. Chung, S. Y, Kim, N. K. and Yoon, S. (1999) Nitrite scavenging effect of methanol fraction obtained from green yellow vegetable juices. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 28, 342-347
  19. Lee, J. M. and Ahn, M. S. (1997) A study on nitrite scavenging ability of tea extracts. Korean J. Diet. Cult. 12, 567-572
  20. Hibbs, J. B., Taintor, R. R., Vavrin, Z. and Rachlin, C. (1988) Nitric oxide. A cytotoxic acdvated macrophage effector molecule. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157, 87-94 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80015-9