The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science (농약과학회지)

The Korean Society of Pesticide Science (한국농약과학회)
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Review of the study on the surfactant-induced foliar uptake of pesticide

계면활성제에 의해 유도되는 농약의 엽면 침투성 연구 현황

  • Yu, Ju-Hyun (Bio-organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology) ;
  • Cho, Kwang-Yun (Bio-organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology) ;
  • Kim, Jeong-Han (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University)
  • 유주현 (한국화학연구원 생물화학연구부) ;
  • 조광연 (한국화학연구원 생물화학연구부) ;
  • 김정한 (서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부)
  • Published : 2002.03.30
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Abstract

Research trends in the measurement of foliar uptake of pesticides and the recently proposed action mechanism of the surfactant-induced uptake of pesticides were reviewed with the related reports and studies. Major techniques used in those fields are bioassay, radiotracer techniques with leaves or cuticular membrane. Recently, a new method using Congo Red as a tracer was proposed. The limiting factor in the pesticides uptake into leaves is the waxy layer which consists of the epicuticular and cuticular wax. Physico-chemical parameters such as molar volume, water solubility and partition coefficient of pesticides have limited influences on the pesticide uptake into leaves. Polydisperse ethoxylated fatty alcohol surfactants are well known as the good activator for many pesticides. It is now generally agreed that uptake activation is not related to the intrinsic surface active properties of surfactants such as surface activity, solvent property, humectancy and critical micelle concentration. Recent studies using ESR-spectroscopy revealed that the surfactants have an unspecific plasticising effect on the molecular structure of the wax and cuticular matrix, leading to increased mobilities of pesticides. Penetration of surfactants into waxy layer altered the pesticide mobility in wax and the partition coefficient of pesticide, and then the pesticides penetration into leaves was enhanced temporally. The enhancing effect of surfactant could be significantly different depending on the carbon number of aliphatic moiety and the number of ethoxy group in polyoxyethylene chain of surfactants. It is suggested that the rate of penetration of surfactants should have a significant relationship with the rate of penetration of pesticides.

농약의 식물 엽면 침투성에 관하여 보고한 국내외 논문을 조사하여 최근에 빈번하게 사용되고 있는 침투율 측정법과, 계면활성제에 의해서 유도되는 농약의 엽면 침투기작에 관한 연구 동향을 고찰하였다. 농약의 식물 엽면 침투성 연구에는 생물검정법, 식물 잎이나 cuticular membrane을 이용하는 방사능 추적 기술이 주로 이용되고 있다. 가장 최근에는 수용성 색소 Congo Red를 추적물질로 이용하는 새로운 침투율 측정법이 제안되었다. 농약의 엽면 침투에 있어서 최대의 장벽은 epicuticular wax와 cuticular wax를 포함하는 잎 표면의 왁스층이며, 일부 연구자들은 이를 limiting skin이라 부르기도 한다. 농약의 몰부피(molar volume), 수용해도 및 분배계수 등의 이화학적 성질은 식물 엽면 침투성에 영향을 미치지만 제한적인 상관관계를 나타낼 뿐이며, 일반화할 수 있는 어떠한 상관관계도 아직 발견되지 않았다. Polyoxyethylene을 친수기로 가지는 지방족 알콜 계면활성제들은 많은 농약에 대하여 좋은 침투성 증진제로 알려져 있다. 침투성 증진제로 사용되는 계면활성제가 농약의 엽면 침투성을 증진하는 데에는 계면활성, 가용화 능력, 흡습성 및 미셀생성임계농도 등 계면활성제 고유의 성질이 크게 관여하는 것 같지는 않다. 최근의 연구에서 침투성 증진 효과가 큰 계면활성제는 식물의 왁스층에 쉽게 흡수되어 가역적으로 왁스층의 유동성을 증가시키는 가소제 역할(plasticizing effect)을 한다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 계면활성제가 왁스층에 먼저 침투하면 wax층의 유동성이 증가하고, 이로 인하여 wax층 내에서 농약의 이동성과 분배계수가 달라짐으로써 농약의 엽면 침투 속도가 변화한다는 것이다. 그러나 계면활성제의 친유기 부분인 지방족 알콜의 탄소수와 친수기의 ethylene oxide 부가중합도가 농약의 침투성 증진에서 어떠한 역할을 하는지는 상세히 밝혀져 있지 않다. 다만 계면활성제 자체의 엽면 침투 속도가 농약의 침투속도와 깊은 관련이 있을 것으로 추정되고 있다.

Keywords

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