• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.831-836
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• 2001

Little information on the cholesterol content and the fatty acid composition of avian species other than chicken is available. This study was conducted to compare the yolk cholesterol content and the fatty acid profiles of some wild birds maintained in captivity on commercial grain-based chicken diets. The concentration of cholesterol/g of yolk as well as the total yolk cholesterol per egg varied among species. Yolk cholesterol concentration, expressed as mg/g of yolk, was highest in chukar, followed by pheasant, guinea fowl and quail, while total yolk cholesterol in an egg was highest in guinea fowl, followed by pheasant, chuckar and quail. An inverse relationship between yolk cholesterol concentration and egg weight was observed among species with an exception of quail. Although major fatty acids of egg yolk were oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid in all birds, the composition varied among species. Chukar and quail showed higher oleic acid content than pheasant and guinea fowl, while showing lower linoleic acid. Fatty acids of chukar and guinea fowl eggs were more saturated than those of pheasant and quail. Chukar and especially quail had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than pheasant and guinea fowl; in quail egg 51.6% of total fatty acids were MUFA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential fatty acids (EFA) and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acid (P/S ratio) were higher in pheasant and guinea fowl than in chukar and quail. Differences in fatty acid profile of triglyceride (TG) among birds were largely similar to those of total lipid. In comparison to TG, phosphatidyl choline (PC) was low in MUFA while high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA. PC was most saturated in guinea fowl egg yolk, followed by chukar, quail and pheasant. PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA in PC were highest in pheasant followed by chukar, guinea fowl and quail. PE was distinguished from PC by its high contents of stearic acid, eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) while low in palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. In egg yolk of all birds MUFA was significantly lower in PE than in PC except in quail. Compared to other species, quail had a considerably higher content of MUFA in PE at the expense of SFA and PUFA.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1998

The effects of dietary levels and feeding period of Korean hot pepper (Capsicum annum) seed on the performance and egg quality were investigated. Rhode Island Red layers of 84 wk of age were fed the experimental diets containing O.O(Control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0% of HPS, respectively, in individual cages during 10 wk of the feeding period. The dietary hot pepper seed significantly(P<0.05) improved hen-day egg production and daily egg rnass, but reduced egg weight(P<0.05). During the 10 wk of the feeding period, the egg production and daily egg mass improved after 6 or 7 wk of feeding 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% hot pepper seed diets. When the layers were fed the 3.0% HPS diet, it only took 1 wk to improve the egg production and daily egg mass. In addition, the birds fed 3.0% hot pepper seed diet showed relatively constant egg weight while those of the Control increased gradually as the feeding period passed. The dietary hot pepper seed significantly improved the eggshell thickness, and redness and whole color of egg yolk. The results indicate that dietary hot pepper seed( $\geq$2.0%) may improve the egg production and egg shell thickness, and increase the redness of egg yolk in layers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.944-947
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• 2007

This study was conducted to study the effects of dietary garlic powder on laying performance, egg traits and blood serum cholesterol level of quails. A total of three hundred quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) aged nine weeks were used. They were allocated to 3 dietary treatments. Each treatment comprised 5 replicates of 20 quails. The diets were supplemented with 0, 5 and 10 g/kg garlic powder. The experimental period lasted 21 weeks. The addition of garlic powder did not significantly affect body weight, egg production, feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg shell thickness, egg albumen index, egg yolk index and egg Haugh unit. Adding 5 and 10 g/kg garlic powder to the laying quail diets increased egg weight (p<0.01). Egg yolk cholesterol and blood serum cholesterol concentration were reduced with garlic powder supplementation. The results of this study demonstrated that garlic powder addition had a significant cholesterol-reducing effect in serum and egg yolk without adverse effects on performance and egg traits of laying quails.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.753-760
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• 1995

This study was conducted to determine the serum vitellogenin (VTG) concentration changes during the ovulation period in elkhorn sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis. The results of sepacryl S-300 showed that the molecular weight of VTG could be 380,000. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis may indicate that the purified VTG consists of three subunits with molecular weights of 180,000, 118,000 and 85,000, respectively. Yolk protein purified from the egg extracts was eluted on an equilibrated sephacryl S-300 column, and its molecular weight was estimated 250,000. The precipitation lines of the female serum against the antiserum of the egg extracts were fused completely by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion analysis. VTG was detected in the serum, and hepatocytes from males injected with $17\beta-estradiol\;(E_2).$ Furthermore, VTG was immunochemically similar to yolk proteins. The concentration of VTG was high before ovulation $(9.80\pm0.81-11.02\pm0.09 mg/ml),$ and then decreased rapidly after ovulation $(less\;than\;6.19\pm0.59 mg/ml).$ This study suggested that VTG was synthesized in the liver by the action of $E_2$ and released to blood, and then incorporated into oocytes.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

This study conducted to investigate the effects of feeding Fermkito 50 on the egg production and egg quality hens. One hundred forty four, 50 weeks old ISA brown commercial layer, were used in a 28 d growth assay. Dietary treatments included 1) control(basal diet), 2) FERMO.5(based diet+0.5% Fermkito), 2) FERM1.0(basal diet+1.0% Fermkito), 3) FERM+YU(basal diet+0.5% Fermkito and 0.05% yucca extract). Overall (d 0 to 28), egg production tended to increase as the concentration of Fermkito 50 in the diets was increased without significant difference(P〈0.05). As adding level of Fermkito 50 increased in the diets, egg weight tended to increase. Laying hens fed FERM+YU diet were higher egg weight than laying hens fed control diet(P〈0.05). Egg shell breaking strength was not influenced by Fermkito 50. As adding level of Fermkito 50 was increased in the diets, yolk color tended to increase. Laying hens fed FERM+YU diet had improved egg yolk index compared to laying hens fed control diet. Total-cholesterol of egg yolk in FERM1.0 and FERM+YU treatments was significantly decreased compared to that in control diet(p〈0.05). Total-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in serum tended to increase as the concentration of Fermkito 50 in the diets was decreased(P〈0.05). Also, HDL-cholesterol concentration in serum with FERM1.0 and FEUM+YU treatments was significantly higher than control diet(P〈0.05). However, LDL-cholesterol concentration in serum with FERM1.0 and FERM0.5+YU treatments was significantly lower than control diet(P〈0.05). In conclusion, supplemental Fermkito 50 in laying hen diets can be used to improve egg quality.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.252-258
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• 2002

본 실험은 CLA급여수준과 기간이 계란의 품질에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 계란의 무게는 CLA 급여에 따른 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 난백의 높이는 급여 7주에서 CLA 급여구가 유의적(P<0.05)으로 낮은 값을 나타내었다. Haugh unit는 CLA 급여에 따른 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 난황내 CLA축적량은 급여수준이 높을수록 유의적(P4O.05)으로 높은 축적량을 나타내었다. 그러나 저장 2주 이후에는 증가폭이 크지 않았다. CLA급여에 의한 난황내 지방산 조성을 보면 포화지방산이 증가되고 불포화 지방산이 감소하였는데 포화지방산인 palmitic acid의 증가와 불포화지방산인 oleic acid의 증가가 주요 원인인 것으로 사료된다. 난황색 (Roche)은 CLA 급여에 의해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높게 나타났으며, 난황의 경도 또한 CLA급여에 의해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 CLA 급여가 계란의 이화학적인 성질에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수있다. 그러나 CLA급여에 의한 계란 품질의 변화가 소비자의 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향에 관해서는 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2016

This study aimed to determine the effect of different dietary level of rice bran extract (RBO) on the laying performance, egg quality, blood parameter, cholesterol, and fatty acids in yolk of Hy-Line Laying hens. In all, 144 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (29 weeks old) were randomly allocated to one of 4 dietary treatments, with 4 replicates per treatment. A commercial basal diet was used and three additional diets were prepared by supplementing 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 g/kg of RBO to the basal diet. The experimental diets were fed on an ad libitum basis to the bird during 8 weeks. Hen-day egg production increased (quadratic, p<0.05) with inclusion level of RBO, but feed intake, egg weight, and egg mass were not influenced by inclusion of level of RBO in diet. However, the supplementation of RBO did not have an effect on eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, egg yolk color, and HU during the feeding trial. There were no significant differences in the level of leukocyte. However, heterophil and lymphocytes decreased (quadratic, p<0.01) with inclusion level of RBO. H:L ratio tended to decrease (linear p=0.08) with inclusion level of RBO. As expected, increasing inclusion level of RBO in diets decreased (linear, p<0.01) the concentrations of total cholesterol in plasma. AST, ALT, glucose, and albumin were not affected by inclusion of RBO in diets. Egg yolk cholesterol increased (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) with inclusion level of RBO in diet. The results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation of RBO improves laying performance and decreased total cholesterol and egg yolk cholesterol levels in laying hens. Therefore, dietary RBO is considered a valuable functional ingredient to improve the performance of birds.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표논문집
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• pp.128-129
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• 2002

본 연구결과로 $\omega$-3 지방산을 포함한 지방산의 계란내 이행정도는 flaxseed의 첨가와 지방산대사에 영향을 미치는 미량 사료 첨가물질의 병용첨가로 변화되는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 생균물질과 lecithin의 생리적 기능에 의한 계란내 $\omega$-3 지방산의 급증이 특이적인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 미량 사료 첨가물질의 지방대사 조절기전에 관해서는 추가연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 1985

본 조사연구는 계란의 중량등급별 영양가를 조사하고 적정가격을 검토하기 위하여 600개의 계란을 공시하여 계란의 중량등급별 평균란중, 란황과 란백 및 란각의 구성비, 란황과 란백의 영양성분 분석, 계란의 단백질과 지방함량 조사를 실시하고, 계란의 란중과 단백질함량 및 단백질＋지방함량을 기준으로 하는 적정가격을 검토하였는 바 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 평균란중(X, g/10개)의 증가에 따라 란황의 비율(Y, %)은 Y=44.34-0.02X로 감소하고, 란백의 비율(Y, %)은 Y=40.136＋0.026X로 증가하였으며, 란각의 비율(Y, %)은 Y=15.358-0.006X로 감소하였다. 2. 란황과 란백의 영양분석은 계란의 중량에 따라 큰 차이나 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 3. 평균란중(X, g/10개)의 증가에 따라 전란의 단백질함량(Y, %)은 Y=11.943-0.00032X로 감소하고, 지방함량(Y, %)은 Y=13.996-0.00614X로 역시 감소하였으며, 단백질＋지방함량(Y, %)는 Y=25.939-0.00646X로 감소하였다. 4. 평균란중을 기준으로 하는 적정가는 단백질함량을 기준으로 하는 적정가와 비슷한 경향을 보였으며, 이들 적정가는 단백질＋지방함량을 기준으로 하는 적정가보다 특란과 왕란에서는 높게 그리고 경란-중란에서는 낮게 평가되었으며, 시가와 비교할 때 단백질＋지방함량기준 적정가가 가장 비슷한 경향을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1605-1610
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens) powder or red pepper pigment on the performance and egg yolk color of laying hens. In Exp. 1, 210, thirty-wk old, Hy-line Brown laying hens were fed one of seven diets containing 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.0, 4.8 or 9.6 ppm red pepper pigment or 0.3 ppm carophyll red. Each diet was fed to three replicate batteries of hens with each battery consisting of a row of five cages of hens with two hens per cage (n = 3). In Exp. 2, 180, thirty-wk old, Hyline Brown laying hens, housed similarly to those in Exp. 1, were fed an unsupplemented basal diet as well as treatments in which the basal diet was supplemented with 0.8% red pepper powder processed in a laboratory blender to an average particle size of $300{\mu}m$, 0.8% red pepper powder processed as a super fine powder with a vibrational mill ($44{\mu}m$) and finally 0.8% red pepper powder processed as a super fine powder with a vibrational mill but mixed with 5% $Na_2CO_3$ either before or after grinding. A diet supplemented with 0.3 ppm carophyll red pigment was also included (n = 3). In both experiments, hens were fed the red pepper powder or pigment for 14 days. After feeding of the powder or pigment was terminated, all hens were fed the basal diet for eight more days to determine if the dietary treatments had any residual effects. In Exp. 1, there were no differences in egg-laying performance, feed consumption or feed conversion ratio due to inclusion of red pepper pigment in the diet. Average egg weight was higher (p<0.05) for birds fed 1.2, 2.4 or 9.6 ppm red pepper pigment than for birds fed the diet containing 0.3 ppm red pepper pigment. On d 14, egg color scores increased linearly as the level of red pepper pigment in the diet increased. In Exp. 2, feeding red pepper powder did not affect egg-laying performance, feed consumption or feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). However, compared with the control group, supplementation with all of the red pepper powder treatments increased egg weight (p<0.05). All the red pepper powder treatments also increased (p<0.05) the yolk color score compared with the control. The results of the present study suggest that both red pepper powder and pigment are effective feed additives for improving egg yolk color for laying hens.