• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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• pp.237-237
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• 2015

The district of Marlborough has had more than its share of river management projects over the past 150 years, each one uniquely affecting the geomorphology and flood hazard of the Wairau Plains. A major early project was to block the Opawa distributary channel at Conders Bend. The Opawa distributary channel took a third and more of Wairau River floodwaters and was a major increasing threat to Blenheim. The blocking of the Opawa required the Wairau and Lower Wairau rivers to carry greater flood flows more often. Consequently the Lower Wairau River was breaking out of its stopbanks approximately every seven years. The idea of diverting flood waters at Tuamarina by providing a direct diversion to the sea through the beach ridges was conceptualised back around the 1920s however, limits on resources and machinery meant the mission of excavating this diversion didn't become feasible until the 1960s. In 1964 a 10 m wide pilot channel was cut from the sea to Tuamarina with an initial capacity of $700m^3/s$. It was expected that floods would eventually scour this 'Wairau Diversion' to its design channel width of 150 m. This did take many more years than initially thought but after approximately 50 years with a little mechanical assistance the Wairau Diversion reached an adequate capacity. Using the power of the river to erode the channel out to its design width and depth was a brilliant idea that saved many thousands of dollars in construction costs and it is somewhat ironic that it is that very same concept that is now being used to deal with the aggradation problem that the Wairau Diversion has caused. The introduction of the Wairau Diversion did provide some flood relief to the lower reaches of the river but unfortunately as the Diversion channel was eroding and enlarging the Lower Wairau River was aggrading and reducing in capacity due to its inability to pass its sediment load with reduced flood flows. It is estimated that approximately $2,000,000m^3$ of sediment was deposited on the bed of the Lower Wairau River in the time between the Diversion's introduction in 1964 and 2010, raising the Lower Wairau's bed upwards of 1.5m in some locations. A numerical morphological model (MIKE-11 ST) was used to assess a number of options which led to the decision and resource consent to construct an erodible (fuse plug) bank at the head of the Wairau Diversion to divert more frequent scouring-flows ($+400m^3/s$)down the Lower Wairau River. Full control gates were ruled out on the grounds of expense. The initial construction of the erodible bank followed in late 2009 with the bank's level at the fuse location set to overtop and begin washing out at a combined Wairau flow of $1,400m^3/s$ which avoids berm flooding in the Lower Wairau. In the three years since the erodible bank was first constructed the Wairau River has sustained 14 events with recorded flows at Tuamarina above $1,000m^3/s$ and three of events in excess of $2,500m^3/s$. These freshes and floods have resulted in washout and rebuild of the erodible bank eight times with a combined rebuild expenditure of $80,000. Marlborough District Council's Rivers & Drainage Department maintains a regular monitoring program for the bed of the Lower Wairau River, which consists of recurrently surveying a series of standard cross sections and estimating the mean bed level (MBL) at each section as well as an overall MBL change over time. A survey was carried out just prior to the installation of the erodible bank and another survey was carried out earlier this year. The results from this latest survey show for the first time since construction of the Wairau Diversion the Lower Wairau River is enlarging. It is estimated that the entire bed of the Lower Wairau has eroded down by an overall average of 60 mm since the introduction of the erodible bank which equates to a total volume of $260,000m^3$. At a cost of $$0.30/m^3$ this represents excellent value compared to mechanical dredging which would likely be in excess of $$10/m^3$. This confirms that the idea of using the river to enlarge the channel is again working for the Wairau River system and that in time nature's "excavator" will provide a channel capacity that will continue to meet design requirements.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권6C호
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• pp.395-406
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• 2006

상부의 큰 하중을 지탱해야 하는 경우에는 일반적인 기초 형식으로서 현장타설말뚝공법이 많이 사용된다. 이러한 현장타설말뚝의 시공은 연약한 토사 지반을 관통하여 암반까지 굴착을 실시하는 것이 일반적이며, 지지력의 대부분은 암반층 근입부에서 발휘되게 된다. 현장타설말뚝의 지지력은 선단지지력과 주면저항력의 조합으로 이루어지게 되며, 과도한 침하가 발생하지 않고 지지력을 얻기 위해서는 근입부의 직경과 길이가 충분하여야 한다. 말뚝의 극한지지력에 있어서 선단지지력은 큰 비중을 차지한다. 그러나, 일반적으로 주면저항력은 선단지지력에 비해서 훨씬 작은 두부 침하량에서 발현된다. 또한 선단부 거동특성은 천공과정에서 발생하는 근입부 바닥에서의 잔류물에 의해서 영향을 받게 된다. 그러나 이러한 잔류물을 근입부에 잔류시키지 않기 위해서는 시공과 검사가 제대로 이루어져야 한다. 이것은 매우 어려우며 비경제적이다. 특히 암반층 근입부가 깊은 경우에는 물이나 천공 슬러리를 사용하여야 하므로 더욱 어렵다. 이러한 이유들로 인해서 작용 하중하에서 말뚝의 거동은 주면부 거동특성에 따라 좌우되게 된다. 따라서 복잡한 발현기구를 가진 주면저항력에 대해서 주로 관심을 가지게 되는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 주면저항력에 관해서만 연구를 하였다. 콘크리트 말뚝체와 주변 암반 사이의 상호작용은 말뚝 거동특성에 있어서 가장 중요한 요소이며, 시공방법에 따라서 큰 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는, 탄소성 해석(FLAC 2D)을 통하여 근입부의 거칠기 경사, 높이와 같은 거칠기 특성, 근입부를 형성하는 주변 암반의 강도 특성과 변형 특성, 근입부의 깊이와 길이 등이 최대단위주면저항력에 미치는 영향에 대한 검토를 실시하였다. 변수 연구를 통하여 최대단위주면저항력에 있어서는 근입부의 연직응력, 거칠기 높이와 근입부 암반의 점착력 및 포아슨비가 중요한 요소임을 확인하였다.