• Title/Summary/Keyword: word dictionary

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Encoding Dictionary Feature for Deep Learning-based Named Entity Recognition

  • Ronran, Chirawan;Unankard, Sayan;Lee, Seungwoo
    • International Journal of Contents
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 2021
  • Named entity recognition (NER) is a crucial task for NLP, which aims to extract information from texts. To build NER systems, deep learning (DL) models are learned with dictionary features by mapping each word in the dataset to dictionary features and generating a unique index. However, this technique might generate noisy labels, which pose significant challenges for the NER task. In this paper, we proposed DL-dictionary features, and evaluated them on two datasets, including the OntoNotes 5.0 dataset and our new infectious disease outbreak dataset named GFID. We used (1) a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) character and (2) pre-trained embedding to concatenate with (3) our proposed features, named the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), BiLSTM, and self-attention dictionaries, respectively. The combined features (1-3) were fed through BiLSTM - Conditional Random Field (CRF) to predict named entity classes as outputs. We compared these outputs with other predictions of the BiLSTM character, pre-trained embedding, and dictionary features from previous research, which used the exact matching and partial matching dictionary technique. The findings showed that the model employing our dictionary features outperformed other models that used existing dictionary features. We also computed the F1 score with the GFID dataset to apply this technique to extract medical or healthcare information.

A New Approach of Domain Dictionary Generation

  • Xi, Su Mei;Cho, Young-Im;Gao, Qian
    • International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.15-19
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    • 2012
  • A Domain Dictionary generation algorithm based on pseudo feedback model is presented in this paper. This algorithm can increase the precision of domain dictionary generation algorithm. The generation of Domain Dictionary is regarded as a domain term retrieval process: Assume that top N strings in the original retrieval result set are relevant to C, append these strings into the dictionary, retrieval again. Iterate the process until a predefined number of domain terms have been generated. Experiments upon corpus show that the precision of pseudo feedback model based algorithm is much higher than existing algorithms.

The Automatic Extraction of Hypernyms and the Development of WordNet Prototype for Korean Nouns using Korean MRD (Machine Readable Dictionary) (국어사전을 이용한 한국어 명사에 대한 상위어 자동 추출 및 WordNet의 프로토타입 개발)

  • Kim, Min-Soo;Kim, Tae-Yeon;Noh, Bong-Nam
    • The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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    • v.2 no.6
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    • pp.847-856
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    • 1995
  • When a human recognizes nouns in a sentence, s/he associates them with the hyper concepts of onus. For computer to simulate the human's word recognition, it should build the knowledge base (WordNet)for the hyper concepts of words. Until now, works for the WordNet haven't been performed in Korea, because they need lots of human efforts and time. But, as the power of computer is radically improved and common MRD becomes available, it is more feasible to automatically construct the WordNet. This paper proposes the method that automatically builds the WordNet of Korean nouns by using the descripti on of onus in Korean MRD, and it proposes the rules for extracting the hyper concepts (hypernyms)by analyzing structrual characteristics of Korean. The rules effect such characteristics as a headword lies on the rear part of sentences and the descriptive sentences of nouns have special structure. In addition, the WordNet prototype of Korean Nouns is developed, which is made by combining the hypernyms produced by the rules mentioned above. It extracts the hypernyms of about 2,500 sample words, and the result shows that about 92per cents of hypernyms are correct.

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Automatic Error Correction System for Erroneous SMS Strings (SMS 변형된 문자열의 자동 오류 교정 시스템)

  • Kang, Seung-Shik;Chang, Du-Seong
    • Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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    • v.35 no.6
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    • pp.386-391
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    • 2008
  • Some spoken word errors that violate grammatical or writing rules occurs frequently in communication environments like mobile phone and messenger. These unexpected errors cause a problem in a language processing system for many applications like speech recognition, text-to-speech translation, and so on. In this paper, we proposed and implemented an automatic correction system of ill-formed words and word spacing errors in SMS sentences that has been the major errors of poor accuracy. We experimented three methods of constructing the word correction dictionary and evaluated the results of those methods. They are (1) manual construction of error words from the vocabulary list of ill-formed communication languages, (2) automatic construction of error dictionary from the manually constructed corpus, and (3) context-dependent method of automatic construction of error dictionary.

A Study on Unstructured text data Post-processing Methodology using Stopword Thesaurus (불용어 시소러스를 이용한 비정형 텍스트 데이터 후처리 방법론에 관한 연구)

  • Won-Jo Lee
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.9 no.6
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    • pp.935-940
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    • 2023
  • Most text data collected through web scraping for artificial intelligence and big data analysis is generally large and unstructured, so a purification process is required for big data analysis. The process becomes structured data that can be analyzed through a heuristic pre-processing refining step and a post-processing machine refining step. Therefore, in this study, in the post-processing machine refining process, the Korean dictionary and the stopword dictionary are used to extract vocabularies for frequency analysis for word cloud analysis. In this process, "user-defined stopwords" are used to efficiently remove stopwords that were not removed. We propose a methodology for applying the "thesaurus" and examine the pros and cons of the proposed refining method through a case analysis using the "user-defined stop word thesaurus" technique proposed to complement the problems of the existing "stop word dictionary" method with R's word cloud technique. We present comparative verification and suggest the effectiveness of practical application of the proposed methodology.

KNU Korean Sentiment Lexicon: Bi-LSTM-based Method for Building a Korean Sentiment Lexicon (Bi-LSTM 기반의 한국어 감성사전 구축 방안)

  • Park, Sang-Min;Na, Chul-Won;Choi, Min-Seong;Lee, Da-Hee;On, Byung-Won
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.219-240
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    • 2018
  • Sentiment analysis, which is one of the text mining techniques, is a method for extracting subjective content embedded in text documents. Recently, the sentiment analysis methods have been widely used in many fields. As good examples, data-driven surveys are based on analyzing the subjectivity of text data posted by users and market researches are conducted by analyzing users' review posts to quantify users' reputation on a target product. The basic method of sentiment analysis is to use sentiment dictionary (or lexicon), a list of sentiment vocabularies with positive, neutral, or negative semantics. In general, the meaning of many sentiment words is likely to be different across domains. For example, a sentiment word, 'sad' indicates negative meaning in many fields but a movie. In order to perform accurate sentiment analysis, we need to build the sentiment dictionary for a given domain. However, such a method of building the sentiment lexicon is time-consuming and various sentiment vocabularies are not included without the use of general-purpose sentiment lexicon. In order to address this problem, several studies have been carried out to construct the sentiment lexicon suitable for a specific domain based on 'OPEN HANGUL' and 'SentiWordNet', which are general-purpose sentiment lexicons. However, OPEN HANGUL is no longer being serviced and SentiWordNet does not work well because of language difference in the process of converting Korean word into English word. There are restrictions on the use of such general-purpose sentiment lexicons as seed data for building the sentiment lexicon for a specific domain. In this article, we construct 'KNU Korean Sentiment Lexicon (KNU-KSL)', a new general-purpose Korean sentiment dictionary that is more advanced than existing general-purpose lexicons. The proposed dictionary, which is a list of domain-independent sentiment words such as 'thank you', 'worthy', and 'impressed', is built to quickly construct the sentiment dictionary for a target domain. Especially, it constructs sentiment vocabularies by analyzing the glosses contained in Standard Korean Language Dictionary (SKLD) by the following procedures: First, we propose a sentiment classification model based on Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM). Second, the proposed deep learning model automatically classifies each of glosses to either positive or negative meaning. Third, positive words and phrases are extracted from the glosses classified as positive meaning, while negative words and phrases are extracted from the glosses classified as negative meaning. Our experimental results show that the average accuracy of the proposed sentiment classification model is up to 89.45%. In addition, the sentiment dictionary is more extended using various external sources including SentiWordNet, SenticNet, Emotional Verbs, and Sentiment Lexicon 0603. Furthermore, we add sentiment information about frequently used coined words and emoticons that are used mainly on the Web. The KNU-KSL contains a total of 14,843 sentiment vocabularies, each of which is one of 1-grams, 2-grams, phrases, and sentence patterns. Unlike existing sentiment dictionaries, it is composed of words that are not affected by particular domains. The recent trend on sentiment analysis is to use deep learning technique without sentiment dictionaries. The importance of developing sentiment dictionaries is declined gradually. However, one of recent studies shows that the words in the sentiment dictionary can be used as features of deep learning models, resulting in the sentiment analysis performed with higher accuracy (Teng, Z., 2016). This result indicates that the sentiment dictionary is used not only for sentiment analysis but also as features of deep learning models for improving accuracy. The proposed dictionary can be used as a basic data for constructing the sentiment lexicon of a particular domain and as features of deep learning models. It is also useful to automatically and quickly build large training sets for deep learning models.

Retrieving English Words with a Spoken Work Transliteration (입말 표기를 이용한 영어 단어 검색)

  • Kim Ji-Seoung;Kim Kwang-Hyun;Lee Joon-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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    • v.39 no.3
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    • pp.93-103
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    • 2005
  • Users of searching Internet English dictionary sometimes do not know the correct spelling of the word in mind, but remember only its pronunciation. In order to help these users, we propose a method to retrieve English words effectively with a spoken word transliteration that is a Korean transliteration of English word pronunciation. We develop KONIX codes and transform a spoken word transliteration and English words into them. We then calculate the phonetic similarity between KONIX codes using edit distance and 2-gram methods. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very effective for retrieving English words with a spoken word transliteration.

Automatic Word Spacing Using Raw Corpus and a Morphological Analyzer (말뭉치와 형태소 분석기를 활용한 한국어 자동 띄어쓰기)

  • Shim, Kwangseob
    • Journal of KIISE
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.68-75
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    • 2015
  • This paper proposes a method for the automatic word spacing of unsegmented Korean sentences. In our method, eojeol monograms are used for word spacing as opposed to the syllable n-grams that have been used in previous studies. The use of a Korean morphological analyzer is limited to the correction of typical word spacing errors. Our method gives a 98.06% syllable accuracy and a 94.15% eojeol recall, when 10-fold cross-validated with the Sejong corpus, after filtering out non-hangul eojeols. The processing rate is 250K eojeols or 1.8 MB per second on a typical personal computer. Syllable accuracy and eojeol recall are related to the size of the eojeol dictionary, better performance is expected with a bigger corpus.

Component Implementation of Electronic Dictionary (전자사전 컴포넌트의 구현)

  • Choe, Seong-Un
    • The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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    • v.8D no.5
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    • pp.587-592
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    • 2001
  • Many applications are being developed to automate office works, and the electronic dictionary(e-Dictionary) is one of the main components of the office suites. Several requirements are proposed for the efficient e-dictionaries :1) Fast searching time, 2) Data compatibility with other e-dictionaries to deal with words and obsolete word, and 3) Reusable components to develop new customized e-dictionaries with minimized development time and cost. We propose a data format with which any e-dictionary can change data with others. We also develop System Dictionary component and Customer Dictionary component to enable-and-play component reuse. Our e-dictionary achieves fast searching time by efficiently managing Trie and B-tree index structure for the dictionary components.

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The Construction of Korean-to-English Verb Dictionary for Phrase-to-Phrase Translations (구절 변환을 위한 한영 동사 사전 구성)

  • Ok, Cheol-Young;Kim, Yung-Taek
    • Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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    • 1991.10a
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    • pp.44-57
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    • 1991
  • In the transfer machine translation, transfer dictionary decides the complexity of the transfer phase and the quality of translation according to the types and precision of informations supplied in the dictionary. Using the phrasal level translated informations within the human readable dictionary, human being translates a source sentence correctly and naturally. In this paper, we propose the verb transfer dictionary in which the various informations are constructed so the machine readable format that the Korean-to-English machine translation system can utilize them. In the proposed dictionary, we first provide the criterions by which an appropriate target verb is selected in phrase-to-phrase translations without an additional semantic analysis in transfer phase. Second, we provide the concrete sentence structure of a target verb so that we can resolve the expressive gaps between two languages and reduce the complexity of the various structure transfer in word-to-word translation.

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