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키워드 네트워크 분석을 통해 살펴본 기술경영의 최근 연구동향 (A Study on Recent Research Trend in Management of Technology Using Keywords Network Analysis)

  • 고재창;조근태;조윤호
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.101-123
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    • 2013
  • 최근 경제 패러다임의 변화로 인해 기업이 글로벌 경쟁우위 및 미래 성장동력 확보하기 위해서는 기술과 경영을 통합적으로 이해할 수 있는 학제적 지식을 바탕으로 기술연구의 동향을 파악하고 융합기술 및 유망기술 예측하여 지속적 혁신, 핵심역량 강화, 핵심기술 보유, 기술 융합 등을 통해 새로운 가치를 창출할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 기술경영관련 연구의 거시적인 흐름을 분석하기 위해 동시단어 분석기반의 계량서지학적 방법론을 사용하였다. 즉, 최근 10년 동안 기술경영분야의 주요 해외 저널에 게재된 논문의 키워드를 수집한 다음, 빈도 분석, 초기 키워드 네트워크의 구조 분석, 시간이 지남에 따른 새로 생성된 키워드의 선호적 연결 및 성장 분석, 전체 네트워크에 대한 컴포넌트 분석 및 중심성 분석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 기술경영분야의 논문에 대한 구체적인 연구 주제를 파악할 수 있고, 이들 간의 관계를 파악함으로써, 학제적 연구와 통섭을 위한 구체적인 연구주제들의 조합을 제시할 수 있다. 본 연구결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 논문 별 키워드는 1개~23개의 분포를 지니고 있으며, 평균적으로 논문 당 4.574개의 키워드가 있다. 또한 키워드 중 90%가 10년 동안 3번 이하로 사용되었다. 특히 1번만 사용된 키워드는 약 75%의 비중을 차지하고 있음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 키워드 네트워크는 좁은 세상 네트워크 및 척도 없는 네트워크의 특징을 따르고 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 기술경영관련 논문에 사용된 키워드 중 소수의 키워드의 독점화 경향이 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 셋째, 선호적 연결 및 성장 분석을 통해 기술경영분야의 키워드는 시간이 지남에 따라 선호적 연결을 통한 생존과 소멸 과정에 의해 부익부 빈익빈 현상이 고착되고 있고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 신규 키워드의 선호적 연결 정도 분석을 통해 신규 연구분야 또는 새로운 연구영역을 창출할 가능성이 있는 키워드 관련 연구 주제에 대한 관심이 시간이 지남에 따라 증가하다가 일정 시점이 지나면 감소함을 확인하였다. 넷째, 컴포넌트 분석 및 중심성 분석을 통해 기술경영관련 연구 동향을 확인하였다. 특히 중심성 분석을 통해 Innovation(혁신), R&D(연구개발), Patent(특허), Forecast(예측), Technology transfer(기술이전), Technology(기술), SME(중소기업) 등의 키워드가 연결중심성, 매개중심성, 근접중심성이 높음을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 기술경영의 연구 동향, 타 학문과의 통섭 및 신규 연구주제 선정 시 참고할 수 있는 유용한 정보로 활용될 수 있다.

서비스 실패요인이 보복행위에 미치는 영향과 관계품질의 조절효과 (The Effect of Service Failure on the Desire for Betrayal and Retaliatory Behavior - Based on the Moderating Role of the Customer-Service Firm Relationship Quality)

  • 김모란;안광호
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.99-130
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    • 2012
  • 과거 기업은 고객만족을 통해 고객의 충성도를 구축해 지속적인 이윤을 창출하는데 주로 초점을 맞추었다. 그러나 고객들은 기업에게 긍정적 영향만을 주지 않으며 때로는 기업을 위험에 빠뜨리기도 하고 곤란에 처하게 하기도 한다. 서비스 실패를 경험한 고객에게 기업이 적절한 서비스 회복조치를 취하지 못했을 때 그들은 배신감과 분노 같은 강한 부정적 정서를 느끼며 이러한 부정적 정서는 기업의 성과에 상당한 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있는 공격적 행동이나 보복행동을 유발 할 수 있다. 고객이 느끼는 이러한 부정적 정서는 기업과 오랜 거래관계를 유지하고 그 기업에 대해 애착을 가진 충성고객에게 더 강하게 발생될 수 있다. 강한 배신감을 느낀 충성고객은 단순히 경쟁기업으로 브랜드 전환을 하는데 머무는 것이 아니라 온라인 부정적 구전, 불매운동, 언론매체를 통한 호소 등의 강력한 보복행동을 수행한다. 본 연구는 서비스 실패요인으로 발생되는 배신감이라는 감정이 보복욕구를 통해 보복행위까지 가는 인과관계에 대해 알아보고, 기업 간의 충성도가 각기 다른 고객들을 분류하여 그 차이를 살펴보았다. 실증분석 결과 각각의 공정성 훼손은 모두 지각된 배신감에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 고객들은 분배 공정성 훼손으로 인한 서비스 실패를 경험하였을 경우 가장 높게 배신감을 지각했으며 절차공정성 훼손으로 인한 서비스 실패를 경험하였을 경우 배신감을 가장 낮게 느끼게 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지각된 배신감은 보복욕구에 유의한 영향을 미치며 이후 부정구전과 보복적인 불평행동, 제3단체를 통한 불만 홍보와 같은 보복행위 모두에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 공정성 훼손은 지각된 배신감과 보복욕구와 같은 매개변수를 통하여 보복행위에 영향을 미치는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 마지막으로 공정성 훼손과 지각된 배신감과의 관계에서 과거 해당기업과 고객 간의 관계의 친밀도를 나타내는 관계품질의 조절변수 역할을 검증한 결과 관계품질은 조절변수로서 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 서비스 실패 요인이 보복행위에 미치는 영향을 단순 인과관계로 보지 않고 기업과 고객 간의 관계품질의 조절효과를 고려하여 연구를 하였다는 데 그 의의가 있다.

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A Study on the Meaning and Strategy of Keyword Advertising Marketing

  • Park, Nam Goo
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제8권3호
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    • pp.49-56
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    • 2010
  • At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.

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