• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.482-493
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• 2005

Biomass is originally photosynthesized from inorgainic compounds such as $CO_2$, minerals, water and solar energy. Recent studies have shown that anaerobic bacteria have the ability to convert recalcitrant biomass such as cellullosic or chitinoic materials to useful compounds. The biomass containing agricultural waste, unutilized wood and other garbage is expected to utilize as feed, food and fuel by microbial degradation and other metabolic functions. In this study we isolated several anaerobic, cellulolytic and chitinolytic bacteria from rumen fluid, compost and soil to study their related enzymes and genes. The anaerobic and cellulolytic bacteria, Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium stercorarium, and Clostridium josui, were isolated from compost and the chitinolytic Clostridium paraputrificum from beach soil and Ruminococcus albus was isolated from cow rumen. After isolation, novel cellulase and xylanase genes from these anaerobes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The properties of the cloned enzymes showed that some of them were the components of the enzyme (cellulase) complex, i.e., cellulosome, which is known to form complexes by binding cohesin domains on the cellulase integrating protein (Cip: or core protein) and dockerin domains on the enzymes. Several dockerin and cohesin polypeptides were independently produced by E. coli and their binding properties were specified with BIAcore by measuring surface plasmon resonance. Three pairs of cohesin-dockerin with differing binding specificities were selected. Two of their genes encoding their respective cohesin polypeptides were combined to one gene and expressed in E. coli as a chimeric core protein, on which two dockerin-dehydrogenase chimeras, the dockerin-formaldehyde dehydrogenase and the dockerin-NADH dehydrogenase are planning to bind for catalyzing $CO_2$ reduction to formic acid by feeding NADH. This reaction may represent a novel strategy for the reduction of the green house gases. Enzymes from the anaerobes were also expressed in tobacco and rice plants. The activity of a xylanase from C. stercorarium was detected in leaves, stems, and rice grain under the control of CaMV35S promoter. The digestibility of transgenic rice leaves in goat rumen was slightly accelerated. C. paraputrificum was found to solubilize shrimp shells and chitin to generate hydrogen gas. Hydrogen productivity (1.7 mol $H_2/mol$ glucos) of the organism was improved up to 1.8 times by additional expression of the own hydrogenase gene in C. paraputrficum using a modified vector of Clostridiu, perfringens. The hydrygen producing microflora from soil, garbage and dried pelletted garbage, known as refuse derived fuel(RDF), were also found to be effective in converting biomass waste to hydrogen gas.

• 초등상담연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.227-248
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• 2008

This study aims to examine the effects of art therapy on challenging behavior of schoolchildren. For this purpose, I selected one class of 4th year student of S primary school, located at Jeongeup city, Jeonlabukdo, and selected 4 study subjects through examination of K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation scale, characters, school life and K - HTP test. With regard to procedure of this study, I carried out art therapy program at the art class for 60 minutes one time a week for 4 months, a total of 17 sessions from Apr. 3, 2007 to July 24, 2007. I made this program with some modification in reference to Arts Therapy Technique (Counpia Remote Training Center, 2005), Group Art Therapy (Choi Seon Nam. Kim Gap Sook. Jeon Jong Kuk, 2007) and the Effects of Peer Group Art Activity on Sociality Skill of Offensive Children (Park Ju Yeon. Lee Byeon In, 2005). For each child, I compared and analyzed the changes in score of K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation scale, behavior by K-HTP (dynamic house-wood-human figure test) analysis and by school life(KSD) image analysis before and after treatment. I also carried out qualitative analysis on behavioral feature of each child for each session. This study obtained the following conclusions. First, child A showed positive change in comparison before and after art treatment program of score K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation, K-HTP image test and school life. Since he was so active and wanted to obtain good evaluation from anyone that he frequently had quarrel with friends, spoke against others well and beaten others much but was changed and did not speak against others or beat. Second, child B showed clear difference in comparison before and after art treatment program of score K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation, but no significant difference in K-HTP image test and school life. However, I observed substantial changes. While he could not speak frankly to others, felt empty in mind and was offensive in personal relations, he was changed, did not have quarrel with others or speak against others that much and improved his relationship with friends or teachers. Third, child C showed positive change in score of K-CBCL children juvenile behavior evaluation after art therapy program. In comparison of K-HTP image test and school life treatment before and after treatment, he still longed for mothers in mind but found rather stable after treatment. Fourth, child D showed positive chance in score of K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation scale after art therapy program, but almost no changes in K-HTP image test. But he depicted good relationship and socializing with other friends in school life. While he could not carry his point due to social immaturity and felt depressed, he got more confident. This result of study showed that art therapy had positive effects on correction of schoolchildren.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.145-165
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• 2005

In 1937, most Korean compatriot who lived in Yunhaeju moved to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia following the deportation policy of Russia. Korean compatriot have kept their traditional life style for 140 years, without a deep relationship with Korea. This study examined the heating systems of Korean compatriot in Yunhaeju, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, Russia. A literature review and field research, based on Ethnography as a research method, was employed. The results of the research were as following: 1) Korean compatriot in Yunhaeju use a Pechika, which is a radiator that uses hot water, and a Gudul as the main heating systems, but the use of a Pechika was most common. A Pechika functions for cooking as well as for warming the house. The room with the Gudul was connected to the kitchen, so this space was used as a place for cooking and eating, for family members to meet. Many kinds of fuel, like gas and electricity, were used to power the heating systems. 2) Korean compatriot in Kazakhstan use radiators, with hot water as the main heating system, with ratio using Gudul used in this region being the highest of all the three areas. The most common fuels used for a Gudul were wood and coal, and gas was also used in cooking. The room with the Gudul was planned to be located beside the fireplace, without any walls. The people using a Gudul use that place for eating and meeting, as well as for family members to sleep. 3) The main heating system of Korean compatriot in Uzbekistan was a radiator using hot water, and those with pipes containing hot water buried under the floor were very common. The function is very similar to that of a Gudul, so most people using this type of radiator would sleep on the floor. Those people with a traditional Gudul not using them were mostly in Uzbekistan. The reason for this was that the family members had diminished, so it was hard work for elderly parents to manage an extra building containing a Gudul. Gas was the fuel generally used for heating and cooking in Uzbekistan. 4) Guduls were used in the Korean compatriot's houses in all three areas, even though they have changed in structure to adapt to the Russian life style. However, Guduls have still been functioning to maintain a traditional life style in Korean compatriot's houses for the gathering of family members.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the odor reduction efficiency of a biofilter desist using different filter materials. The summary of results are as follows; 1. The airflow penetration rate of the different filter materials namely; rice straw, woodchips, rice hulls and sawdust were 0.72 m/s, 0.64 m/s, 0.48 m/s and 0.17 m/s, respectively. 2. The elimination of $NH_3$ gas was fastest in the rice hull at a rate of 4 mg/${\iota}$ followed by sawdust, woodchips and rice straw at 3 mg/${\iota}$, 3 mg/${\iota}$ and 7 mg/${\iota}$, respectively. 3. The filter material made of wood chips was able to eliminate the offensive gas known as $H_2S$ at a rate of 2.2 mg/${\iota}$ on the 7th day, 17.6 mg/${\iota}$ on the 21st day but decreased to 10.7 mg/${\iota}$ on the 36th day. In contrast, the filter material composed of sawdust had a continuous increase in the reduction of $H_2S$ at a rate of 12.3 mg/${\iota}$ on the 7th day, 18.3 mg/${\iota}$ on the 21st day and 20.1 mg/${\iota}$ on the 36th day. The above findings indicated that among the filter materials, sawdust was the most effective in absorbing $H_2S$. Airflow penetration rate can be related to $H_2S$ odor elimination efficiency as shown by the slowest airflow rate of sawdust which is only 0.17 m/s.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.241-286
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• 2015

This study explores how folktales' motifs are used in diverse cultural contents such as literature, movies, or comics. More precisely, it is concerned with mysterious characters like Babayaga and Koshchei who appear in Russian fairytales. When the motifs of the reviewed literature are analyzed, the following three criteria are used for classification: New Writing, Rewriting, and New Version. Or course, it is New Writing that is far from the original work. Most of the collected works, including Joan Aiken's The Kingdom Under the Sea, Patricia Polacco's Babushka's Doll, Babushka Baba Yaga, and Tai?-Marc Le Thanh's BABAYAGA, belong to New Writing. The New Writing type mainly focuses on Babayaga's secluded life. In fairytales, Babayaga is depicted as the goddess of Mother Earth, the heroine of the Nature, or the ruler of the Animal Kingdom. That is why she lives in the deep and uninhabited wood. She is related to the Coming of Age ceremony. Her 'Hut on hen's legs' is an obstacle for immature protagonists to face before they come of age. Protagonists are supposed to solve the problems posed by Babayaga. If they succeed, they can get her magical help so as to complete their final mission. Babayaga is likely to appear as their antagonist. Protagonist may be subjected to a terrible ordeal created by Babayaga, and then come of age by recovering from that ordeal. Sometimes, Babayaga helps protagonists to get a grip on reality. That is why she lives in a hut in the deep and dark forest which is on the borderline between life and death. On the other hand, Marianna Mayer's Baba Yaga and Vasilisa the Brave has been classified as a controversial work between New Writing and Rewriting. It is apparently closer to New Version. However, it cannot be classified as a work of New Version because the author incorporates 'probability' into her work. Among the reviewed works, it is Korean Writer Rye, Kami's The Spider Woman's House that best reflects the essence of Babayaga. Babayaga and other characters are amusing in movies because most of the movies are animations for children. In one sense, it is positive that the scary characters in folktales are approachable to children. In other sense, however, it is regrettable that symbolic motifs are completely eliminated. In Mike Mignola's Hellboy, Japanese animations such as Index or Narutaru, on-line games such as Cabal or Vampire: The masquerade, the essence of the supernatural characters in folktales is completely eliminated, and only their 'belligerent power' stands out. It is desirable to put stories into perspective whether they are written or told. The literature property of folktales provides a special opportunity to readers. In this light, a variety of motifs have a good reason to be reborn as modern cultural contents. The bottom line is to maintain its true nature.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.572-583
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• 2023

전 세계적으로 탄소중립 2050 실현을 위한 목조 건축물 수요가 늘어나고 있으며, 국내에서도 구조용 직교 집성판(Cross Laminated Timber, CLT)을 이용한 목조 고층 건축물에 대한 기술적 검토가 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 CLT의 기초 음향성능을 검토하기 위해, 국내산 낙엽송과 소나무로 CLT 슬래브(두께 150 mm)를 제작해 바닥 충격음 차단 성능과 음향투과손실을 측정했다. 실험은 상하로 연결된 페어 잔향실에서 수행했으며, CLT 슬래브에 콘크리트 토핑(두께 50 mm ~ 210 mm, 6조건)을 추가해 차음성능 개선량을 정량적으로 평가했다. 수종에 따른 바닥충격음 차단 성능의 단일수치 평가량을 비교하면, 낙엽송 CLT가 소나무 CLT보다 중량 바닥충격음에서 3 dB, 경량 바닥충격음에서 1 dB 낮았으나, 상부에 콘크리트 토핑을 추가한 조건에서는 수종 간 차이가 없었다. 상부의 콘크리트 층 두께 상승에 따라 중량 바닥충격음이 9 dB ~ 20 dB, 경량충격음이 20 dB ~ 30 dB 저감했다. 이 관계를 면밀도로 분석한 결과, CLT 슬래브의 바닥충격음 차단 성능은 면밀도와 높은 상관관계(R² = 0.94 ~ 0.99)가 있는 것을 확인했다. CLT 슬래브의 음향투과손실은 수종에 따른 차이가 없었다. 면밀도와 주파수로 산출한 음향투과손실 이론치와 실측치의 주파수 특성은 유사하지만 실측치가 8 dB ~ 12 dB 낮아, 보정치를 이용해 실험 대상인 CLT 슬래브의 음향투과손실과 주파수 특성의 관계를 도출했다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.781-789
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• 2009

다목적홀의 음향을 1:50 축소모형으로 예측 및 평가하기 위해 필요한 모형재료의 구성과 흡음특성에 대해 연구하였다. 실제 홀에서의 반사면 및 가변음항요소, 객석의 설계요소별 흡음특성 (125Hz-lkHz 평균)을 기준으로 축소모형의 형상과 재질을 선정하였으며, 흡음율은 상사의 법칙과 ISO 354를 준용하여 측정하였다. 그 결과, 주벽체의 평균흡음율은 0.08로 래커 코팅된 MDF나 아크릴이 적합하며, 객석 의자, 관객 및 연주자 평균흡음율은 각각 0.64, 0.74와 0.45를 목표로 할때 목재, 흡음천과 폼보드를 조합하여 흡음률을 재현하였다. 흡음커튼과 배너는 적용부위 및 단면설계에 따라 흡음재의 마운팅 방법을 선택하였으며, 배면공기층이 없는 상태 (A형 마운팅)에서의 평균흡음율이 0.42, 0.9 m 배면공기층 조건에서 시료 양단이 고정된 상태 (E형 마운팅)에서는 0.47, 천장에 매단 상태 (G형 마운팅)에서는 0.45로 나타났다. 특히, 배면공기층의 증가에 의해 저주파 대역 흡음력이 증가하였다. 스테이지 하우스 내부는 평균흡음율 0.68의 Fiber glass board 시공을 예상하여 흡음재와 스피커망 원단을 조합하여 재현하였다. 본 연구에서 도출된 모형 재료의 형상과 흡음특성은 향후 1:50 축소모형으로 다목적홀의 형상에 의한 중주파 대역 이하의 음향예측에 유용하게 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.97-105
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• 1996

본 조사는 쓰레기 종량제 실시에 대한 시민의 참여 정도와 감량화 및 규격봉투 사용 실태를 평가하고 그 문제점을 도출하여 포항시의 종량제 완전정착 정책과 쓰레기 처리 개선방향을 제시하고자 1995년 2월 6일과 2월 7일에 남 북구의 각각 4개 지역 (8개 지역)에서 배출된 일반가정의 생활 쓰레기를 조사하고, 이 지역의 배출 쓰레기 중에서 임의로 채취한 500 l에 대하여 물리적 조성을 조사하였다. 규격용기 사용율은 전체 지역 평균은 93.4%로 나타났으며 주거 형 태별로는 집단(아파트)지역이 95.6%로 단독주택 91.3%보다 높았다. 소득 정도별로는 저소득층과 중소득층이 각각 96.4%, 96.3%로 고소득층의 87.5%보다 높게 나타났다. 수거방식별 규격봉투 사용율은 아파트지역의 콘테이너방식이 95.6%, 타종수거 96.5%로 문전수거 86.1%보다 높았다. 지역별 쓰레기 성상(물리적 조성)표본 조사결과 음식물류가 57.4%로 가장 높았고 다음이 종이류가 18.7, 플라스틱류 10.3%, 섬유 7.9%, 병류 27%, 고철 캔류 1.4%. 나무 고무 0.7% 순으로 나타났다. 재활용품 함유율을 조사 한 바 전체 발생량의 20.2%를 차지하고 있으며, 남구 지역은 21.8%, 북구지역은 18.5%를 차지하였다. 주거형태별로는 단독주택보다 공동주택이 각각 25.7%, 14.7%로 공동주택이 분리 수거 배출이 잘되고 있고, 수거형태별로는 문전수거 34.3%, 타종수거 17.1% 그리고 콘테이너 수거 14.7% 순이였다. 각 지역별 20리터 용기 5개씩을 성상조사 결과 규격봉투안에 상품구매 포장이 46.3%로 가장 많이 들어 있었고, 실내 보관시 포장이 29.5%, 규격봉투외 포장이 24.2% 순으로 이중 봉투 상태였다. 규격봉투이외 1.9개(전체포장지의 75.8%)의 포장봉투가 더 필요했다. 발생 쓰레기의 전반을 차지하는 음식물 쓰레기의 사료화, 퇴비화 등 자원화 정 책과 재활용품의 적극적인 분리배출을 유도하여 친환경적 쓰레기처리시설에 적극적인 투자를 하이야 할 것이다.

• 한국과학예술포럼
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• 제19권
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• pp.293-305
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• 2015

글로벌 시대의 대두와 동시에 각 나라 고유의 문화적 특성이 중요시 되는 현 시점에서, 자국의 문화정체성 확립은 이제 필수 불가결한 요소가 되었다. 이에 전통문화연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있으며, 특히 주거건축의 연구는 총체적인 문화연구 지표로 활용될 수 있는 가치를 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 조형의 기본요소인 재료를 중심으로 실제적인 조사를 통해 한국 중국 일본의 전통건축의 적용 특성을 파악하여, 동아시아의 주거건축문화를 비교하는 동시에 우리나라만의 고유특성을 파악하는 데에 목적이 있다. 연구는 문헌조사와 현지답사를 함께 진행하였으며 연구의 대상이된 건축물은 한국(반가) - 무첨당, 중국(사합원) - 공왕부, 일본(쇼인츠쿠리) - 도큐도이다. 한·중·일의 건축 재료는 목재, 석재, 토재의 자연재료와 금속재, 지재, 기와, 전, 유리 등의 인공재료를 조합하여 건축을 구성하고 있으며, 이런 공통적 특징은 건축구성적인 부분에서 많이 나타나고 있다. 하지만 실내구성으로 갈수록 서로 다른 재료의 선택과 적용의 차이를 보이며 각 나라의 풍토, 가공방식, 생활문화에 맞는 재료를 선택하여 적용하고 있었다. 먼저 나라마다 식생과 기후에 영향을 받은 재료를 선택함으로써, 각 나라의 식생환경을 주거를 통해 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 입식-좌식 문화의 특성, 실내구성에서 종이 마감 등 한국과 일본이 비슷한 양상을 보이는 반면, 중국은 확연히 차이를 보임을 알 수 있었다. 특히 재료의 가공과 관련해서 한국은 인위적 가공을 줄여 대체적으로 거칠고 투박한 질감을 그대로 느낄 수 있는 반면, 일본은 직재의 사용으로 정돈되고 세련된 느낌의 건축 표현이 이루어졌다. 중국은 세 나라 중에 재료의 인위적 가공이 가장 높았으며, 중국의 채색문화와 관련이 깊다는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 벽돌, 유리 등 세부 건축 재료에 관련 기술들이 상당히 발전되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 '한국의 건축이 중국과 일본의 중간적 성격을 띄고 있다' 는 기존의 연구 결과와 상반되는 것으로 재료적 측면에 있어서는 자연미를 강조한 한국과 인위적인 미를 강조한 중국에 일본이 중간적 입장에서 재료를 적용한 모습을 알 수 있었다. 이렇듯 재료의 비교를 통해 한·중·일의 풍토성, 기능성, 심미성 등의 비물질적 요소가 주거와 어떤 관련을 가지고 적용되었는지 본 논문을 통해 확인 할 수 있다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.4-9
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• 1966

1. On 13 September 1964 a storm raged for 3 hours and 20 minutes with pounding heavy rainfalls, and precipitation of 287.5 mm was recorded on that day. The numerous landslides were occured in the eroded forest land neighbouring Mt. Chunbo, while no landslides recorde at all on Mt. Jookyup within the premise of Kwangnung Experiment Station, the Forest Experiment Station. 2. Small-scalled Landslides were occured in 43 different places of watershed area (21.97 ha.) in which the survey had already been done, in and around Mt. Chunbo (378 m a.s.l.). The accumulated soil amount totaled $2,146,56m^3$ due to the above mentioned landslides, while soil accumulated from riverside erosion has reached to $24,168.79m^3$, consisting of soils, stones, and pebbles. However, no landslides were reported in the Mt. Jook yup area because of dense forest covers. The ratio of the eroded soil amount accumulated from the riversides to that of watershed area was 1 to 25. On the other hand, the loss and damage in the research area of Mt. Chonbo are as follows: 28 houses completly destroyed or missing 7 houses partially destroyed 51 men were dead 5 missing, and 57 wounded. It was a terrible human disaster However, no human casualties were recorded at all, 1 house-completly destroyed and missing, 2 houses-partially destroyed. Total:3 houses were destroyed or damaged, in The area of Mt. Jookyup 3. In the calculation of the quanty of accumulated soil, the or mula of "V=1/3h ($a+{\sqrt{ab}}+b$)" was used and it showed that 24, 168.79m of soil, sands, stones and pebbles carried away. 4. Average slope of the stream stood 15 at the time of accident and well found that there was a correlation between the 87% of cross-area sufferd valley erosion and the length of eroded valley, after a study on regression and correlation of the length and cross-area. In other works, the soil erosion was and severe as we approached to the down-stream, counting at a place of average ($15^{\circ}1^{\prime}$) and below. We might draw a correlation such as "Y=ax-b" in terms of the length and cross-area of the eroded valley. 5. Sites of char-coal pits were found in the upper part of the desert-like Mt. Chunbo and a professional opinion shows that the mountain was once covered by the oak three species. Furthermore, we found that the soil of both mountains have been kept the same soil system according to a research of the soil cross-area. In other words, we can draw out the fact that, originally, the forest type and soil type of both Mt. Chunbo (378m) and Mt. Jookyup (610m) have been and are the same. However, Mt. Chunbo has been much more devastated than Mt. Jookyup, and carried away its soil nutrition to the extent that the ratios of N. $P_2O_5K_2O$ and Humus C.E.C between these two mountains are 1:10;1:5 respectively. 6. Mt. Chunbo has been mostly eroded for the past 30 years, and it consists of gravels of 2mm or larger size in the upper part of the mountain, while in the lower foot part, the sandy loam was formulated due to the fact that the gluey soil has been carried and accumulated. On the hand, Mt. Jookyup has consitantly kept the all the same forest type and sandy loam of brown colour both in the upper and lower parts. 7. As for the capability of absorbing and saturating maximum humidity by the surface soil, the ratios of wet soil to dry soil are 42.8% in the hill side and lower part of the eroded Mt. Chunbo and 28.5% in the upper part. On the contrary, Mt. Jookyup on which the forest type has not been changed, shows that the ratio in 77.4% in the hill-side and 68.2% in the upper part, approximately twice as much humidity as Mt. Chunbo. This proves the fact that the forest lands with dense forest covers are much more capable of maintaining water by wood, vegitation, and an organic material. The strength of dreventing from carring away surface soil is great due to the vigorous network of the root systems. 8. As mentioned above, the devastated forest land cause not only much greater devastation, but also human loss and property damage. We must bear in mind that the eroded forest land has taken the valuable soil, which is the very existance of origin of both human being and all creatures. As for the prescription for preventing erosion of forest land, the trees for furtilization has to be planted in the hill,side with at least reasonable amount of aertilizer, in order to restore the strength of earth soil, while in the lower part, thorough erosion control and reforestation, and establishments along the riversides have to be made, so as to restore the forest type.