• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.463-468
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• 2017

Background: Both Panax ginseng Meyer and Panax quinquefolius are obligate shade-loving plants whose natural habitats are broadleaved forests of Eastern Asia and North America. Panax species are easily damaged by photoinhibition when they are exposed to high temperatures or insufficient shade. In this study, a cytohistological study of the leaf structures of two of the most well-known Panax species was performed to better understand the physiological processes that limit photosynthesis. Methods: Leaves of ginseng plants grown in soil and hydroponic culture were sectioned for analysis. Leaf structures of both Panax species were observed using a light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Results: The mesostructure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius frequently had one layer of non-cylindrical palisade cells and three or four layers of spongy parenchymal cells. P. quinquefolius contained a similar number of stomata in the abaxial leaf surface but more tightly appressed enlarged grana stacks than P. ginseng contained. The adaxial surface of the epidermis in P. quinquefolius showed cuticle ridges with a pattern similar to that of P. ginseng. Conclusion: The anatomical leaf structure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius shows that they are typical shade-loving sciophytes. Slight differences in chloroplast structure suggests that the two different species can be authenticated using transmission electron microscopy images, and light-resistant cultivar breeding can be performed via controlling photosynthesis efficiency.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.10 no.1 s.25
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• pp.9-23
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• 2001

This study is for the Kyungduk-Dan(as a altar of Milsung-Daegun) and The Manun-Jae the characteristics(lay out and planning, window patterns, structure, materials) of the the Korean traditional house during the modern era. Before Manun-Jae was used for the house. The Kyungduck-Dan was constructed in August according to the Lunar Calender in 1927. The Manun-Jae(house for Ki-hun Kang, millionaire ) was completed in 1924. Modern Architectures brought to Korea with the bricks, the tiles, the flash doors, the plate grasses, the brass hardwares. These architectural material was used in positive. During the construction of Manun-Jae in 1924, it happened the architectural exchage among a korean, a chinese and a japanese constructor. Though using the air exhaust valve at the kitchen of Ukyung-Kak( old Anchae), it could be assume that the modern convenience and the improvement of residential environments was considered at that period during the construction of Manun-Jae. That construction was elected with the brick($222mm{\times}106mm{\times}50mm$), the chinese colored tile and plate glass such a modem materials. The new shape of the korean lattice window and the wooden flash-door with glass was used. In Ukyung-Kak, the Chan-Maru(service space) and the kitchen such as a service space or concise utility zone was organically connected. Especially, considered the domesitic activity and circulation, the western kitchen sink and the Chan-Maru(service space) was rationally placed. At the Manun-Jae and the Kyungduck-Dan, the architectural characteristic is that the new shape of windows was used. The lattice window at the Ondol room of Ukyung-Kak, was rgadually added the plate glass and the wood plate. The lattice window with the grid shape at kitchen of that building was adapted japanese grid lattice window in korea at that period. It is the sample that korean traditional house was typically influenced from the japanese resident culture. The Manun-Jae and the Kyungduck-Dan as the modern house kept the form of korean traditional architecture, and was partially adapted a modern characteristic space and modern architectural materials. During the japanese occupancy, these residence can be showed the transition in formally.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.129-132
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• 1988

Ginseng is cultivated in Korea. Japan. China. the Soviet Union and North America. Studies of the macroclimate of each of these producing areas shows that ginseng has certain requirements for production. In each producing area the microclimate is modified in different ways. Comparisons of recent research data from North America. Korea and China is presented in order to define. more precisely. the various microclimate requirements for ginseng production. These include studies of light interception as influenced by different shade materials. In North America. wood. woven black polypropylene and knitted polyethylene shade are used. whereas in China. dried grasses are bound together in layers with wire and polyvinylchloride is inserted between the layers. The influence of these various shade materials in terms of crop grow1h and root yield are presented. The major effect of temperature seems to be on root growth. During much of the growing season optimum temperatures for root grow1h are not reached. Growth analysis data for different age plants are being used to show the effects of different soil temperature regimes on distribution of dry matter between the shoot and root.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify development strategies of high value-added cultural products in order to help promote Jeonnam cultural tourism festivals. In order to achieve this purpose, we carried out a market survey of cultural products sold in cultural tourism festivals held successfully within the Jeonnam area.The subjects of this study were local festivals which were labeled as cultural tourism festivals by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism from 2000 to 2008. The results of this study were as follows: Firstly, a store survey was conducted to analyze the categories of products on offer. As a result, the most frequent product was accessories (46.2%), followed by clothing and miscellaneous goods (25.2%), ceramic products (14.8%), interior decoration products (9.1%), and stationery (4.6%). Secondly, in the design motif used for cultural products, most products did not contain festival or local images. Cultural products with festival images made up 47.2% of the range, while only 2.3% of products on offer contained local imagery. The remaining 50.3% of cultural products for sale did not use festival or local images. Finally, in terms of materials used, most products used metal (36.7%), followed by textiles (32.9%), ceramic (13.8%), wood (6.2%), plastic (6.2%), paper (3.6%), and leather (0.2%). For price range, 52.4% of product were equal to or below 10,000 won, followed by 33.1% between 10,000-30,000 won. The results of this study showed that the cultural products of Jeonnam festivals lacked symbolism of the region or festival itself. Furthermore, items and the price ranges were not diverse enough. A possible solution would be to address this short coming, but more importantly, design a marketing and commercial strategy tailored towards the promotion of cultural products which contain both regional and festival imageries.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.150-158
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• 2001

Maintenance open spaces and community development in large scale housing development is one of the most important issues. We(UDC) established a resident participation activity for maintenance and use open space with community development in Hachioji New Town from 1997. The purpose of this study is to establish resident participation activities for maintenance and use open space with community development in Hajichioji New Town, and to clarify the characteristics and to on sider about efficiency of the activity. We established Minamino Shizen-Juku as a methodology for maintenance and use open spaces at the same time Hachioji New Town was opened in 1997. The activity has continued by now in 2001. We conducted questionnaire survey to make sure efficiency and characteristics of the activity past three years. Minamino Shizen-Juku (nature friendly lessons) is a resident participation activity in Hachioji New Town. It was established in 1997 as soon as the new town was opened, this year is fifth since it was started. It has three objects. 1)Maintenance and use woody environment, 2) Community development, 3) Continuation and renewal native culture. And it has general course, three special courses and one extra course were established in the activity. 1) General course is an activity participated all of member. It's included farming experience in the native field and seasonal events. 2) Rice growing and woods maintenance course is rice growing and wild wood maintenance in the park as a series of annual farming activities. 3) Benefaction from farm course is started from planting spring vegetable at Mizukoshi(Leader of Minamino Shezen-Juku)'s field. There is the number of participant limit because of the area of the field. 4) Watching nature course is watching seasonal wild flowers, trees, animals and plants to know about native nature. 5) Extra program is programmed to know about native history and tradition. It's planned including participant's ideas. Not member can participate in this course too.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1979

1. The study was conducted on the optimum condition of the treated substrate with dilute sulphuric acid solution and cellulase for saccharification. The wood (saw dust) of Alnus hirsuta Rupr. (10~15 years) was treated with 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5%, $H_2SO_4$ solution at $1.5kg/cm^2$ for 15min., 30min., 45min., and 60min., followed by thermal treatment at $190^{\circ}C$ for 30min., and screening with 60 mesh sieve, after which to 0.5 grams of each sample was added 0.5ml cellulase solution, and 50ml 0.1M acetic acid buffer solution (pH 5.0), after incubating at $40^{\circ}C$ for 96hr. 2. The crude cellulase of Trichoderma viride Perx. ex. Fr. SANK 16374 was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfite. 3. Reducing sugar was determined by the 3.5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. 4. The reducing sugar was increased with increase of the sulphuric acid concentration and saw dust was treated with 1.5% $H_2SO_4$ solution at $1.5kg/cm^2$ for 45min. showed the best saccharification (16.0%). The reducing sugar formation did not show statistically significant in 5% levels by thermal treatment time 45min. and 60min. 5. The substrate for cellulase which was treated with 0.9% $H_2SO_4$ solution at $1.5kg/cm^2$ for 60min. showed the best reducing sugar formation (23.6%). And did not show significant difference in 5% levels at 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% $H_2SO_4$ solution.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.261-268
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• 2002

Biodegradation of monochlorophenols by wood rot fungi such as Daldina concentrica, Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus was evaluated by determining their resistance or toxic test and biodegradability. The metabolites of monochlorophenols were also analyzed. Among the three fungi, T. versicolor was the most resistant to 200 ppm of 2-, 3- and 4-chlorophenols, and did not show any inhibitory mycellium growth. But D. concentrica had a little inhibition effect at more than 100 ppm of 3- or 4-chlorophenol. Control cultures of P. ostreatus took even 14 days far the completion of mycellium growth, but the hyphal growth was improved when 2- or 3-chlorophenol were added to the culture. In biodegradation analysis, P. ostreatus showed the highest degradation of 2- or 3-chlorophenol, while T. versicolor was the most effective in 4-chlorophenol. D. concentrica and P. ostreatus slowly degraded 4-chlorophenol. However, T. versicolor had similar degradation capability in the three monochlorophenols, suggesting that the biode- gradation nude is dependent on the fungi as well as the type of monochlorophenol. Several metabolites such as 1,3,5-trihydroxyl benzene, 1-ethyl-1-hydroxyl pentane, 2-propenoicacid, methylmalonic acid and 2-methyl-4-keto-pentan-2-ol were found as products of primary oxidation of 2-, 3- and 4-chlorophenols by intact fungal cultures. fatty acids including tetradecanoic, heptadecanoic and octadecanoic acids were also detected The order of increase of mycellium weight during incubation were P. ostreatus > T. versicolor > D. concentrica. The pH in the culture was not constantly changed depending on incubation days, but the mycellium weight was slightly increased, indicating that the biodegradation of monochlorophenol might have low relationship with the mycellium growth Laccase activities of T. versicolor and P. ostreatus were continuously increased depending on the incubation days, suggesting that the ligninolytic enzyme activity play an important role in the biodegradation of monochlorophenol.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.74-82
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• 2012

Sixty strains of Pleurotus ostreatus, white-rot fungi, were screened for production ability of their lignocellulolytic enzymes to selectively wood degradation. That results were shown that all of screened strains were produced lignocellulolytic enzymes on 2nd screening liquid culture medium. However, cellulase activity of selected six strains of P. ostreatus was low in avicel-yeast-peptone liquid culture medium. In the case of xylan degrading enzyme, No. 6 and No. 38 strains produced a xylanase(above 1.0U/ml) and a 1,4-${\beta}$-xylosidase (above 0.15 U/ml). Examination of the ligninolytic enzyme profiles of selected thirteen strains of the P. ostreatus, in the presence of Remazol Brilliant Blue R(RBBR), were observed that laccase(Lac) activity were earlier reached maximum level(0.8-2.0 U/ml) and then Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP) were reached maximum level(0.5-1.5 U/ml) in glucose-yeast-peptone(GYP) medium. On the other hand, activity of lignin peroxidase(LiP) was not detected in this medium. I selected the No. 42 strain of P. ostreatus produced high levels of Mn-dependent peroxidase and laccase based on the screening method.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 2020

Ashwagandha is an important ancient medicinal crops, being affected with many diseases, among which leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata has become the constraint resulting in huge yield losses. Continuous usage of chemical methods leads to environment, soil and water pollution. Whereas biological control of diseases is long lasting, inexpensive, eco-friendly and harmless to target organisms. In this context, it is aimed to evaluate five Trichoderma strains viz. Trichoderma virens IMI-392430, T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431, T. harzianum IMI-392432, T. harzianum IMI-392433 and T. harzianum IMI-392434 as bio-control efficacy against A. alternata and growth promoting effect in Ashwagandha. All the Trichoderma strains had varied antagonistic effects against the pathogen. In dual culture technique, the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 showed maximum percentage inhibition of mycelial growth (54.89%) followed by T. harzianum IMI-392432 (53.83%), T. harzianum IMI-392434 (48.94%) and T. virens IMI-392430, (43.62%) against the pathogen, while the least inhibition percentage was observed with the T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (36.60%). The culture filtrate of the Trichoderma strain, T. harzianum IMI-392433 recorded highest inhibition on the mycelial growth (39.05%) and spore germination (80.77%) of pathogen and the lowest was recorded in T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (20.45 and 50%). Moreover, seeds treated with spore suspension of the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 reduced the percentages of disease severity index significantly. The strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 also significantly increased seed germination %, seedling vigor and growth of Ashwagandha. The correlation matrix showed that root yield per plant of Ashwagandha had significant and positive correlation with plant height (r=0.726^⁎⁎), number of leaf (r=0.514^⁎⁎), number of primary branch (r=0.820^⁎⁎), number of secondary branch (r=0.829^⁎⁎), fresh plant weight (r=0.887^⁎⁎), plant dry weight (r=0.613^⁎⁎), root length (r=0.824^⁎⁎), root diameter (r=0.786^⁎⁎), root dry weight (r=0.739^⁎⁎) and fresh root weight (r=0.731^⁎⁎). The significant and negative correlation (r=-0.336^⁎⁎) was observed with the root yield and percentages of disease severity index. The study recognized that the T. harzianum IMI-392433 strain performed well in inhibiting the mycelial growth and reduced the percentages of disease severity index of pathogen as well as increased the plant growth in Ashwagandha.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2007

The aim of this paper was to compare differences and similarities of farmhouses between Denmark and Korea as a cross-cultural study. Farmhouses built during the 18th and 19th centuries in Denmark, and ones from Chosun Dynasty (AD. 1392-1910) in Korea were targets of this study. Literature study and field trips to districts and open-air museums in both countries were used. Field trips were carried out during summer of 2005 in Denmark, and fall of 2005 in Korea. Detailed comparisons focused on farmhouse plans, the use of rooms and furnishing, and building materials. As a conclusion, some differences were found between the two countries. In terms of farmhouse plans, square types with four wings, and parallel types were the most frequent forms in Denmark, while a few types, such as the "I", "L", "U" shapes and square types, were more frequently found in Korea. In Denmark, the most important room was the dwelling-room, in which daily family life took place. Every member of the family slept, ate, and worked here, and kept geese and young animals during the winter season. Therefore, this room was laid out in the center of the house. However, Anbang, the most important room in Korea, was not situated in the best part of the house. Instead, the Daechung-maru occupied the center and the best place because the daechung-maru, in which the ancestral ceremony was held, was thought of as more important than a place for live people. Also the use of rooms and furnishing was quite different between the two countries, reflecting each life style. Danish furnishings represented practical daily life, while Korean furnishings reflected more conceptual aspects. It might have resulted from Confucianism in the Chosun Dynasty, which ruled daily life and even influenced use of rooms and furnishings. In other word, philosophy influenced common peoples' daily life and living environment. With reference to building materials, there was rarely a difference between the two countries. Major materials for farmhouse were quite common, such as half-timbering wood and clay, but the difference was in bricks and roof coverings. Bricks were rarely used in Korean farmhouses, while rice-straw was rare for the roof of a Danish farmhouse. Of course, the choice of materials was strongly affected by the local surroundings and overall environment. This result can give some clues for design ideas when architects and interior designers plan housing that is adapted for local peoples. This kind of cross-cultural study can also contribute to one's understanding of foreign culture, especially in housing and culture. And, it can broaden one's insight of design ideas for designers who have to compete frequently with designers in foreign countries.