• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.230-237
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• 2011

본 연구는 개량형 탄화로를 이용하여 제탄과정 중 탄화로 내 외벽체의 온도변화를 측정하고, 제탄된 목탄의 특성을 조사하였다. 공시탄화로의 탄화과정은 8일정도 소요되었다. 탄재탄화시 탄화로 내부온도는 $720^{\circ}C$ 정도 였고, 정련단계에 이르기까지 탄화로 내부온도는 점점 증가하여 정련단계에서는 $1,000^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온에 달하였다. 연통부는 착화시 $90^{\circ}C$였고, 서서히 증가되어 정련단계에서는 $750^{\circ}C$까지 상승하였다. 이 때 탄화로 벽체의 온도변화는 제탄과정 중의 탄화로 내부의 온도변화 경과곡선과 비슷한 경향을 보여주었다. 제탄과정에서 나타난 탄화로 벽체의 최고 온도는 $500^{\circ}C$ 정도였다. 적외선 열화상카메라를 이용하여 제탄전 탄화로의 내.외벽체의 온도분포를 측정한 결과, 출탄 후 시간이 다소 경과되어도 상당한 양의 잠열이 탄화로 벽체와 천장에서 감지되었다. 출탄된 목탄의 고정탄소은 85.9~89.9%였다. 정련도는 1, 경도는 12, 발열량은 7,047~7,456 kcal/kg, pH는 9.0~9.9였다. 목탄의 수탄율은 13.8% 정도로 기존의 탄화로에 얻어진 수탄율 9.8~12.3%에 비해 1.5% 정도 향상되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.512-520
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 탄화과정 중에 탄화로에서 발생되는 폐열을 활용하기 위해서 친환경건조시스템을 개발하여 그 특성을 검토하였다. 친환경건조시스템은 화석연료를 전혀 이용하고 있지 않고, 버려지는 폐열을 이용하기 때문에 환경친화적이다. 친환경건조시스템의 열원으로 이용되는 열수는 3개의 탄화로에 서로 연결되어 폐열을 회수하고 있고, 지속적인 열원의 공급으로 건조기내의 온도와 습도변화는 크지 않았다. 친환경건조시스템 설치가 목탄의 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 고정탄소, 정련도, 경도, 발열량, pH, 단위중량당 발열량, 수탄율을 분석하였다. 그 결과로부터 친환경건조시스템 설치가 목탄의 특성에 크게 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 버려지는 폐열을 회수하여 에너지로 이용하는 친환경건조시스템은 에너지절감과 농산물의 건조품질을 향상시켜 농가의 수익을 극대화할 수 있는 효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 임산에너지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2003

목재의 탄화과정 산물인 목탄과 목초액의 농업적 이용의 일환으로 고추 생육 및 토양미생물에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 목탄과 목초액을 토양에 처리할 경우 토양을 중성으로 개량하는데 효과적이고 토양의 이화학적성질이 유용 미생물이 생육하기에 적합한 환경조건으로 변화되어 토양내 유용미생물의 밀도 증가로 나타났다. 고추의 생육에 있어서도 탄화물 처리로 고추모의 길이, 직경생장 및 고추 결과 수가 증가되었다. 특히 결과 수에서는 목탄 1kg, 목초액 1000배액 및 세균처리에 의하여 대조구보다 약 50% 정도의 증수 효과를 나타냈다. 고추모의 길이 및 줄기직경 증가는 노지에서 여러 가지 환경 변화 요인에 대한 저항성을 갖게 하여 최종 수확량의 증대로 나타날 것으로 사료된다. 고추 탄저병균에 대한 길항성 실험에서는 목초액 농도 2배, 10배에서는 곰팡이가 사멸되었고, 100배, 1000배 희석농도에서는 대조구보다 성장 속도가 둔화되었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.601-614
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• 2013

The commercial charcoal kiln was projected the largest source of biomass burning sector in Korea. Commercial charcoal kiln was operated to emit air pollutants into the air without any air pollution prevention equipment. The object of this field survey was to understand characteristics of air pollutants concentration and emission factors and to provide preliminary data for effective processor from oak charcoal manufacturing process. As result of field survey, TSP, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration from charcoal kiln were 400~37,000 $mg/m^3$. These values were over the 100 $mg/m^3$ in TSP, this value was effluent quality standard of Clean Air Conservation Act. The average concentration of CO, $SO_2$ and TVOC were 2~5%. 0~110 ppm and 820~10,000 ppm respectively. The emission factors were 42.4 g-PM/kg-oak in TSP, 40.3 g-PM/kg-oak in $PM_{10}$, 38.2 g-PM/kg-oak in $PM_{2.5}$, 182.5 g-CO/kg-oak, 1.0 g-NO/kg-oak, $SO_2$ 0.2 g-$SO_2/kg$-oak and 104.4 g-TVOC/kg-oak. The part of commercial charcoal kiln had air pollution prevention equipment but it was difficult to work properly. Much wood tar excreted in exhaust emissions from oak charcoal manufacturing process. This wood tar was cause of many troubles sticking in the air pollutant prevention equipment. For handling particulate matters and gaseous air pollutants from oak charcoal manufacturing process in biomass burning, air pollutant prevention equipment design and management needs preprocessor for removal wood tar.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.263-267
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• 2012

Characteristics of charcoals manufactured in each temperature as 400, 600 800, 1,000 and $1,200^{\circ}C$ were examined. Sapwood and heartwood of Quercus variabilis that one of major species in charcoal materials were used for this experiment. Charcoal density was decreased highly 38-60% compared with wood density and density of sapwood was slightly decreased but heartwood was not changed with increasing carbonization temperature increase. Weight loss of sapwood and heartwood charcoal increased as carbonization temperature increases, and there is no difference between sapwood and heartwood charcoal. Refining degree of sapwood and heartwood charcoal was zero in charring over $800^{\circ}C$. Moisture and ash of sapwood and heartwood charcoal in each carbonization temperature were not differed between sapwood and heartwood. Volatile of sapwood charcoal was slightly higher than that of heartwood, and decreased as carbonization temperature increases. As the carbonization temperature increased, fixed carbon of sapwood and heartwood charcoal increased. Calorific values of charcoal prepared at $600^{\circ}C$ were 7,200-7,300 cal/g and then decreased slightly as carbonization temperature increased.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

This research was carried out for packing materials and building materials to examine thylene gas adsorption and effect of keeping fruit fresh of wet formed charcoal-fiber mposite made from defibrated fiber of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and white charcoal from uercus variabilis Bl.(wood fiber: charcoal=8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8), with/without phenol formaldehyde resin(PF, Non volatile content:$52\%$, resin content $1,3,5\%$). The results are summarized as follows: 1. The higher the charcoal content, the more the ethylene gas adsorption. At the same mixing ratio of fiber to charcoal, $\#100-200$ of charcoal particle size gave the better reslts than $\#60-100$. 2. Adding PF into the charcoal fiber composite decreased the capacity of ethylene gas adsorption but there was no significant difference until $5\%$ adding amount of PF. 3. For keeping fruit fresh for a long time, Charcoal fiber composite was $66\%$ longer than control. The higher the white charcoal content, the longer fresh time.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the effect of adding additive as tannin, rice husk and charcoal, for reducing the formaldehyde emission level, on the adhesion properties of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin for particleboard. We controlled the hot-pressing time, temperature and pressure to determine the bonding strength and formaldehyde emission. Blends of various UF resin/additives (tannin, rice husk and charcoal) compositions were prepared. To determine and compare the effect of additives (tannin, rice husk and charcoal) content, 0, 5, 10 and 15%, by weight of UF resin, were used. $NH_4Cl$ as hardener added. To determine the level of formaldehyde emission, we used the desiccator, perforator and 20 L-small chamber method. The formaldehyde emission level decreased with increased additions of additive (except rice husk). Also, increased hot-pressing time decreased formaldehyde emission level. At a charcoal replacement ratio of only 15%, the formaldehyde emission level is under F ✩ ✩ ✩ ✩ grade (emit < $0.3mg/{\ell}$). Curing of the high tannin additive content in this adhesive system indicated that the bonding strength increased. But, in the case of rice husk and charcoal, the bonding strength was much lower due to the inorganic substance. Furthermore, rice husk was poor in bonding strength as well as formaldehyde emission than tannin and charcoal.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.864-871
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• 2016

This study was conducted to compare and analyze gross calorific values from measurement methods of lignocellulosic biomass and calculation data from calorific value prediction models based on the elemental content. The deviation of Liriodendron tulipifera (LT) and Populus euramericana (PE) was shown 7.7 cal/g and 7.4 cal/g respectively in palletization method, which are within repeatability limit 28.8 cal/g of ISO FDIS 18125. In the case of Thailand charcoal (TC), nontreatment method and palletization method was satisfied with repeatability limit as 22.8 cal/g and 8.8 cal/g respectively. Seowon charcoal (SC) was shown deviation of 11.4 cal/g in nontreatment method, because the density and chemical affinity of sample increases as the carbon content increases from heat treatment at high temperature in the case of TC and SC. In addition, after applying the elemental content of each of these samples to the calorific value prediction models, the study found that Model Equation (3) was relatively consistent with measured calorific values of all these lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, study about the correlation between the density and size of particle should be conducted in order to select the measurement method for a wide range of solid biofuels in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2002

국내 주요 간벌재와 목질재료 탄화물중 성능면과 자원면을 고려하여 선정한 후 오수정화 실험을 실시하였다. 덩어리상태(약 3×3×3 cm)의 탄화물의 주방오수 및 정화조오수 정화실험에서 간벌재 탄화물보다 목질재료 탄화물의 정화능력이 뛰어났다. 덩어리상태에서는 미세세공보다는 파티클보드의 파티클 및 MDF의 섬유간의 간극이 정화에 더 유효하게 작용했기 때문이라고 판단된다. 처리오수의 색은 처리 후 옅어졌으며 목질재료탄이 간벌재탄보다 더 옅은 색을 보였다. 냄새는 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2000년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.45.2-45
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• 2000