• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.95-102
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• 2000

The northward shift of the cultivation region of winter barley has been considered because of consecutive warm winters from the middle of 1980's. There was 1.02$^{\circ}C$ rise in mean air temperature during winter barley cropping season from 1975 to 1998. During this period, the maximum air temperature affected the mean air temperature rise rather than the minimum air temperature. The amount of mean precipitation was 513.3 mm during winter barley cropping season from 1975 to 1998 and was least in 1992. Sunshine hours has increased little by little in the all regions except rural regions. The air temperature during winter barley cropping season from 1987 to 1999 in which the winter was warm was higher than the normal air temperature(1961~1990). On the other hand, the air temperature during winter barley cropping season from 1974 through 1986 was similar to the normal air temperature. The amount of mean precipitation during winter barley cropping season from 1987 through 1999 was similar to the normal precipitation except April. During this period, the amount of mean precipitation of April was lower by 26 mm than the normal year(1961~1990). Sunshine hours during winter barley cropping season from 1987 to 1999 decreased generally in comparison with a normal year. Considering the air temperature rise during wintering from 1987 to 1998, it might be possible to extend the cropping area of winter barley northward.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.305-316
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• 1988

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of the dietary nutrients to blood pressure among preschool children in Seoul and to concurrently study the effect of seasonal variance on the aforementioned relationship. The subjects of the study consisted of 203 preschool children aged four to six years. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, pulse rate and blood pressure, urinary excretion of five cations(Na, K, Ca, P, Mg), creatinine and urea nitrogen and dietary questionaires concerning sodium, potassium calcium and phosphorus were taken during the two periods of summer(Aug. 1986)and winter(Feb, 1987). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The daily urinary excretion of five cations, creatinine and urea nitrogen is summer and winter was as follows; The sodium content was 57.8 mEq in the summer and 59.4 mEq in the winter ; potassium 20.4 mEq and 23.0 mEq, respectively ; calcium, 5.5 mEq and 3.6 mEq, respectively ; and phosphorus, 27.4 mEq and 19.9 mEq, respectively. Only calcium and phosphours excretions in the urine showed significant differences per season(p<0.05). 2) The average dietary intake per day of sodium was 2349mg in the summer and 2155mg in the winter ; potassium consumption was 1425mg in the summer and 1448mg in the winter ; intake of calcium was 472mg in the summer and 500mg in the winter ; and phosphours consumption was 642mg in the summer and 634mg in hte winter. The sodium-to-potassium consumption ratio 1.6 and 1.5, respectively, in the summer and in the winter and the calcium-to-phosphorus ration was 0.7 in the summer and 0.8 in the winter. The dietary calcium intake showed significant differences between the seasons. 3) The principal source of sodium consumption among preschool children was from seasoning-including talbe salt, soy sauce and instant sauce-which accounted for higher then 45% of the sodium intake in both seasons. The main source of potassium was frutis and vegetables which accounted for 29.6% of the potassium intake in the summer and 25.7% in the winter. Milk and milk products were the primary dource of calcium(higher then 40% in both seasons) 4) In the summer, urinary phosphours levels were weakly reated to systolic blood pressures. (0.05

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2004

The purpose of this experiment was to assess seasonal variation of feed utilization by feed sources and to obtain information on the use of feed resources by comparing seasonal changes of dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and feeding behavior in spotted deer (Cervus nippon) fed forest by-product silage (FBS) and corn silage (CS). Dry matter intake (DMI) of FBS was higher than that of CS in both winter and summer. While DMI of both diets was higher in summer, this was not significant at the 5% level. In contrast to DMI, digestible dry matter intake (DDMI) was higher for CS than for FBS in both seasons, but the difference was not significant. Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was significantly higher (p<0.01) for CS than for FBS, whereas digestibility of crude fiber was significantly higher (p<0.01) for FBS than for CS in both seasons. Seasonal digestibility of dry matter and crude fiber for FBS was significantly greater (p<0.01) in summer than in winter: In summer, seasonal digestibility was 57.2% for dry matter and 55.5% for crude fiber, and in winter, 50.8% for dry matter and 30.7% for crude fiber. On the other hand, seasonal digestibility of crude protein was higher (p<0.01) in winter (42.1%) than in summer (32.3%). No significant difference (p>0.05) was found between the two seasons and diets for nitrogen intake (NI), 18.7 g/d in summer and 19.4 g/d in winter for FBS, 17.7 g/d in summer and 17.7 g/d in winter for CS. Fecal nitrogen was higher (p<0.01) for FBS than for CS and varied little seasonally. There was significant difference (p<0.01) between two seasons in urinary nitrogen, which was little difference between two diets. Retained nitrogen (RN) was different significantly (p<0.01) between two diets in both seasons, but there was little difference between seasons. Deer usually spent longer time on eating FBS than eating CS. Eating FBS took 221 min in summer and 187 min in winter, whereas eating CS took 113 min in summer and 109 min in winter. Deer spent less time on eating food in winter than in summer. Time spent on rumination was longer for FBS than for CS: for FBS, 504 min in summer and 456 min in winter, for CS, 423 min in summer and 279 min in winter. Time varied seasonally with both diets.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.645-648
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• 2009

"Deuraechan" is a new japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2008. This variety was derived from a three way cross Iksan438, YR19105Acp222 and Milyang165. This variety has about 122 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea. It is about 76 cm in culm length and tolerance to lodging. In reaction to biotic stresses, it shows moderately resistance to blast, resistance to bacterial blight pathogen races from $K_1$ to $K_3$, and Rice stripe virus, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of "Deuraechan" has high Quality, midium short grain. The milled rice yield of this variety is about 6.52 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. "Deuraechan" would be adaptable to Middle plain, Honam plain and Youngnam plain area of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.564-567
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• 2009

"Boseog" is a new japonica rice cultivar developed from the three way cross of Kinuhikari//HR19621AC6/Sobibyeo and registered by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2008. This cultivar has about 110 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in northern plain, northern and southern mid-mountainous area of Korea. This cultivar is about 72 cm in culm length and tolerant to lodging. In the reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows resistance to leaf blast, but susceptibility to bacterial blight, virus diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of "Boseog" exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and midium short grain. It has similar amylose content(18.0%), lower protein content(6.3%), and similar palatability of cooked rice compared to Odaebyeo. The milled rice yield of this variety is about 5.03 MT/ha in local adaptability test. "Boseog" would be adaptable for ordinary transplanting in northern plain, mid-mountainous and southern mountainous area of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.452-455
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• 2008

"Baegseolchal" is a new Japonica type waxi rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2007. This variety was derived from a across between Iksan435 which is highly tolerant to lodging and high yield potential, and Iksan425 which is resistance to multiple diseases. This variety has about 120 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in middle, Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea. It is about 80 cm in culm length and tolerant to lodging. It is moderately resistant to blast, and resistance to bacterial blight pathogen races from $K_1$ to $K_3$, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. "Baegseolchal" is midium-short grain and the milled rice exhibits high whiteness. The milled rice yield was about 5.37 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. "Baegseolchal" would be adaptable to plain areas south of the Chungnam Province of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.66-81
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• 2016

This study is designed to understand the problems of existing Korean male soldiers' winter uniform tops by researching its current state, and contribute to developing uniforms with improved size and motion appropriateness. Military bases were visited to research satisfaction of size and motion appropriateness of the current winter uniform tops. 193 soldiers were surveyed and interviewed, and the shape and fit of the standard sizes of the inner and outer layers of the current winter uniform were analyzed. Findings of this study are as follows. 1) Compared to the new combat uniforms that soldiers were wearing in their appropriate size (of the 44 sizes), there were many cases where the soldiers were not wearing winter uniform inner (of the 8 sizes) or outer (of the 18 sizes) layers in the correct size for their body. 2) A total of 37 combat uniform sizes appropriate for the body shapes were expected to be newly applied, and inside and outside layers of winter tops would be presented as sets of 14 different sizes in step with the new combat uniform sizes, instead of the existing 8 inside layer sizes and 18 outside layer sizes. 3) The inner and outer layer of the existing winter uniform tops had several problems with the shape and fit. First, the inner layer was shorter than the combat uniform. Its shoulder width was wide, but the sleeve length was short creating lack of coverage, and the angle connecting the sleeve and bodice was very small creating a high sleeve cap curve and narrow sleeve width that make motions difficult and cause discomfort. As for the outer layer, the hem moved up when soldiers bent over or adjusted the waist string so the top could not sufficiently cover, the shoulder width was wide and the sleeve length was short, requiring improvements.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.2 s.58
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• pp.206-213
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• 2005

The diurnal and seasonal variations of antioxidative enzyme activity and the O-J-I-P transients were investigated from the leaves of Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum under winter stress in natural habitat, in order to diagnose quantitatively physiological states of plants under stresses. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase increased slightly in winter. Especially, peroxidase acitivity was higher at dawn and night in winter and some isoforms were detected only in early winter. In the O-J-I-P transients, the fluorescence intensity of J, I, P steps decreased significantly in winter season, contrary to its high value in summer season. Of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters derived from the O-J-I-P transients, Fm and $\Phi_{po}$ decreased with the increase of ABS/RC depending on temperature drop in winter.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.2
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• pp.226-234
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the effects of pruning season on the compartmentalization of pruning wounds in Acer palmatum and Pinus strobus. A total of eighty five field-grown trees for each species were allocated to five different seasons, early- and late-winter, mid-spring, mid- and late-summer, for pruning treatments. Wound closure rate (WCR) of the two species for one year after treatment, area of discolored stem tissue on the medial longitudinal surface and cambial dieback length under the pruning wound of A. palmatum were measured. Changes of total phenols and variations of extractives, holocellulose and lignin at the treated branch unions were examined. In WCR of A. palmatum, late-winter (March, 39.8%) and mid-spring (May, 39.7%) were higher than any other seasons, while early-winter (November, 28.4%) was significantly lower than late-winter and mid-spring. P. strobus showed similar results with A. palmatum. The WCR of early-winter (57.2%) was the lowest significantly among the five seasons, and mid-spring (73.5%) and late-winter (71.4%) showed higher a WCR than other seasons. In the discolored/wound area ratio of A. palmatum, early-winter (73.2%) was the highest by far, and mid- (July) and latesummer (September, 36.7%, respectively) were the lowest among the five seasons. In the length of cambial dieback, two dormant seasons, early- and late-winter were longer than any other seasons. Phenol contents at the treated branch union were changed in line with the seasonal fluctuation of the tree. Total phenols in the below core of the treated union were higher than those of the branch union with living branch, while little differences were seen in the above core. At the branch core of the treated union, phenols of A. palmatum decreased one month after the treatments, but P. strobus maintained similar to or a little higher than those at the controls. The major changes in chemical composition at pruning wounds were extractives and lignin increased by less than 20% in A. palmatum, while extractives in P. strobus remarkably increased by 70%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.233-241
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• 2004

Chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidative enzyme activity were investigated from leaves of Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum under the natural condition in winter, in order to monitor plant response and physiological states such as vitality, productivity and so on. In the O-J-I-P transients, the fluorescence intensity of J, I, P-step decreased remarkably depending on temperature drop in winter. The photochemical efficiencies of PSII, Fv/Fm, were significantly low in late winter with decrease of Fm. These results indicate that Crinum plants were affected by seasonal drop of temperature. The catalase activity significantly decreased depending on temperature drop in winter. However, the activity of superoxide dismutase ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase slightly increased in winter while some isoenzymes appeared in winter. These results, with the remarkable decrease of Ev/Fm in winter, represent that Crinum plants were exposed to oxidative stress and subsequently damaged leading to cell death.