• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.505-530
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• 2008

This paper proposes the application of active multiple tuned mass dampers (AMTMD) for translational and torsional response control of a simplified two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) structure, able to represent the dynamic characteristics of general asymmetric structures, under the ground acceleration. This 2DOF structure is a generalized 2DOF system of an asymmetric structure with predominant translational and torsional responses under earthquake excitations using the mode reduced-order method. Depending on the ratio of the torsional to the translational eigenfrequency, i.e. the torsional to translational frequency ratio (TTFR), of asymmetric structures, the following three cases can be distinguished: (1) torsionally flexible structures (TTFR < 1.0), (2) torsionally intermediate stiff structures (TTFR = 1.0), and (3) torsionally stiff structures (TTFR > 1.0). The even distribution of the AMTMD within the whole width and half width of the asymmetric structure, thus leading to three cases of installing the AMTMD (referred to as the AMTMD of case 1, AMTMD of case 2, AMTMD of case 3, respectively), is taken into account. In the present study, the criterion for searching the optimum parameters of the AMTMD is defined as the minimization of the minimum values of the maximum translational and torsional displacement dynamic magnification factors (DMF) of an asymmetric structure with the AMTMD. The criterion used for assessing the effectiveness of the AMTMD is selected as the ratio of the minimization of the minimum values of the maximum translational and torsional displacement DMF of the asymmetric structure with the AMTMD to the maximum translational and torsional displacement DMF of the asymmetric structure without the AMTMD. By resorting to these two criteria, a careful examination of the effects of the normalized eccentricity ratio (NER) on the effectiveness and robustness of the AMTMD are carried out in the mitigation of both the translational and torsional responses of the asymmetric structure. Likewise, the effectiveness of a single ATMD with the optimum positions is presented and compared with that of the AMTMD.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.779-799
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• 2015

The slosh height and the possibility of water spill from rectangular Spent Fuel Storage Bays (SFSB) and Tray Loading Bays (TLB) of Nuclear power plant (NPP) are studied during 0.2 g, Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE) level of earthquake. The slosh height obtained through Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) is compared the values given by TID-7024 (Housner 1963) and American concrete institute (ACI) seismic codes. An equivalent amplitude method is used to compute the slosh height through CFD. Numerically computed slosh height for first mode of vibration is found to be in agreement the codal values. The combined effect in longitudinal and lateral directions are studied separately, and found that the slosh height is increased by 24.3% and 38.9% along length and width directions respectively. There is no liquid spillage under SSE level of earthquake data in SFSB and TLB at convective level and at free surface acceleration data. Since seismic design codes do not have guidelines for combined excitations and effect of higher modes for irregular geometries, this CFD procedure can be opted for any geometries to study effect of higher modes and combined three directional excitations.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.37-41
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 자기 공명 특성을 이용한 박막 센서의 멤브레인 및 박막 센서의 특성을 알아보았다. 멤브레인으로 유망한 물질로 $Si_xN_y$과 SiC가 있으며, 최적의 멤브레인 형성 조건을 알고자 박막의 잔류 응력 및 물성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 중에서 박막 센서에 적용 가능한 멤브레인으로 SiC보다 적절한 인장응력과 낮은 열팽창 계수를 가지는 $Si_xN_y$이 센서의 구조층으로 우수하였으며, $Si_xN_y$위에 박막 센서 물질을 증착 및 패턴닝(patterning)을 함으로써 센서의 자기 이력 곡선 및 자기 공진 주파수를 분석하였다. 센서에 인가되는 외부 자기장을 제거하면 자장에 의해 형성된 자화(magnetization)가 탄성 모드로 바뀌면서 에너지 방출에 의해 센서에서 전압이 발생하는데 이때 전압 발생 구간이 길어지면 기계적 진동이 야기되어 신호가 발생한다. 그리고 센서의 길이 및 폭이 증가할수록 자기공명 주파수가 감소하는 것을 볼 수 있다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2021

This paper deals with damage detection using a Gapped Smoothing Method (GSM) combined with deep learning. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a model of deep learning. CNN has an input layer, an output layer, and a number of hidden layers that consist of convolutional layers. The input layer is a tensor with shape (number of images) × (image width) × (image height) × (image depth). An activation function is applied each time to this tensor passing through a hidden layer and the last layer is the fully connected layer. After the fully connected layer, the output layer, which is the final layer, is predicted by CNN. In this paper, a complete machine learning system is introduced. The training data was taken from a Finite Element (FE) model. The input images are the contour plots of curvature gapped smooth damage index. A free-free beam is used as a case study. In the first step, the FE model of the beam was used to generate data. The collected data were then divided into two parts, i.e. 70% for training and 30% for validation. In the second step, the proposed CNN was trained using training data and then validated using available data. Furthermore, a vibration experiment on steel damaged beam in free-free support condition was carried out in the laboratory to test the method. A total number of 15 accelerometers were set up to measure the mode shapes and calculate the curvature gapped smooth of the damaged beam. Two scenarios were introduced with different severities of the damage. The results showed that the trained CNN was successful in detecting the location as well as the severity of the damage in the experimental damaged beam.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2003년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.537-541
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• 2003

강유전체(SrTiO$_3$) 박막을 게이트 절연층으로 하여 수소화 된 비정질 실리콘 박막 트랜지스터를 유리 기판위에 제조하였다. 강유전체는 기존의 SiO$_2$, SiN 등과 같은 게이트 절연체에 비하여 유전특성이 매우 뛰어나 TFT의 ON 전류를 증가시키고 문턱전압을 낮추며 항복특성을 개선하여 준다. PECVD 에 의하여 증착된 a-Si:H 는 FTIR 측정 결과 2,000 $cm^{-}$1 과 635 $cm^{-}$l 및 876 cm-1 에서 흡수 밴드가 나타났으며, 2,000 $cm^{-1}$ / 과 635 $cm^{-1}$ / 은 SiH$_1$ 의 stretching 과 rocking 모드에 기인 한 것이며 876 $cm^{-1}$ / 의 weak 밴드는 SiH$_2$ vibration 모드에 의한 것이다. a-SiN:H 는 optical bandgap 이 2.61 eV 이고 굴절률은 1.8 - 2.0, 저항률은 $10^{11}$ - $10^{15}$ $\Omega$-cm 정도로 실험 조건에 따라 약간 다르게 나타난다. 강유전체(SrTiO$_3$) 박막의 유전상수는 60 - 100 정도이고 항복전계는 1MV/cm 이상으로 우수한 절연특성을 갖고 있다. 강유전체를 이용한 TFT 의 채널 길이는 8 - 20 $\mu$m, 채널 넓이는 80 - 200 $\mu$m 로서 드레인 전류가 게이트 전압 20V에서 3 $\mu$A 이고 Ion/Ioff 비는 $10^{5}$ - $10^{6}$, Vth 는 4 - 5 volts 이다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2012

Owing to the rapid growth of mobile and electronic equipment miniaturization technology, the supply of micro mobile computing machine has been fast raised. Accordingly they have performed many researches on energy harvesting technology to provide promising power supply equipment to substitute existing batteries. In this paper, in order to have low resonance frequency for piezoelectric energy harvester, we have tried to make it larger than before by adopting nickel that has much higher density than silicon. We have applied it for our energy harvesting actuator instead of the existing silicon based actuator. Through such new concept and approach, we have designed energy harvesting device and made it personally by making with micromachining process. The energy harvester structure has a cantilever type and has a dimension of $10{\times}2.5{\times}0.1\;mm^3$ for length, width and thickness respectively. Its electrode type is formed by using Au/Ti of interdigitate d33 mode. The pattern size and gap size is 50 ${\mu}m$. Based on the measurement of the nickel-based piezoelectric energy harvester, it is found to have 778 Hz for a resonant frequency with no proof mass. In that resonance frequency we could get a maximum output power of 76 ${\mu}W$ at 4.8 $M{\Omega}$ being applied with 1 g acceleration.