• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.127-133
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of natural tooth whitening using fruits that can be easily accessed in real life by increasing interest in tooth whitening in modern society. Twenty premolar teeth were divided into five groups (n=4). Strawberry (A), lemon (B), banana skin (C), baking soda (D) and whitening toothpaste (E) were treated with a toothbrush on the enamel surface. The tooth surface was treated with a toothbrush at the same time for 3 minutes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, then washed with sterile distilled water, and stored in saline solution. This procedure was repeated for 4 weeks, and the color change of teeth was observed at intervals of one week. After 4 weeks, there was a significant difference in tooth color change after 3 weeks(p<0.05). Among them, strawberry and lemon showed higer effects to whitening toothpaste. It is believed that strawberries and lemons have a higher whitening effect than whitening toothpaste. Whitening toothpaste may be replaced with a safe natural whitening effect using strawberries and lemons instead of chemical ingredients that may be harmful to human body.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2009

In an attempt to find natural sources of antioxidants and whitening agents, Comparisons of the antioxidative and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of various ethanol extracts of Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba and Acanthopanacis Cortex were carried out. Comparison of the four ethanol extracts revealed that, Astragali Radix had the highest electron-donating ability(72.5%) and the highest SOD-like ability(26.1%). The xanthine oxidase experiment exhibited a hindrance effect of 88.5% in Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, 81.1% in Acanthopanacis Cortex, 75.8% in Astragali Radix. A tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay was conducted to evaluate the whitening effects of the extracts, The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 42.1% in the Acanthopanacis Cortex, 37.2% in the Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, 6.0% in the Astragali Radix. Based on these results, we suggest that the ethanol extracts of Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba and Acanthopanacis Cortex can be used as food and cosmetic ingredients.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.218-233
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• 2017

To identify the natural and novel cosmeceutical ingredients which have whitening function, we examined the effects of tyrosinase activity and melanin production on halophyte Limonium tetragonum (Thunb.) A. A. Bullock extracts. As a result, the extracts showed whitening effect with no cytotoxicity. Melanin contents of B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased in a dose-dependent manner at 50, 100, $200{\mu}g/mL$ treatment of the extracts. In tyrosinase activity inhibition test, L. tetragonum (Thunb.) A. A. Bullock extracts showed decreased tyrosinase activity as the concentration of ${\alpha}-MSH$ was increased. Furthermore, it was observed that the tyrosinase and MITF expression was significantly downregulated by adding L. tetragonum (Thunb.) A. A. Bullock extracts in ${\alpha}-MSH$, a melanogenesis inducing material, treated B16F10 melanoma cells. These results indicate that L. tetragonum (Thunb.) A. A. Bullock extract might be an effective whitening agent by inhibit melanin formation.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.136-142
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• 2014

In an attempt to find natural sources of antioxidants and whitening agents, comparisons of the antioxidative and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of various ethanol extracts of Cuscutae Semen, Rubi Fructus and Paeoniae Radix were carried out. Comparison of the three ethanol extracts revealed that, Paeoniae Radix had the highest electron-donating ability(79.3%),; however, Rubi Fructus had the highest SOD-like ability(31.1%). The xanthine oxidase experiment exhibited a hindrance effect of 74.3% in Cuscutae Semen, 80.4% in Rubi Fructus and 60.8% in Paeoniae Radix. A tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay was conducted to evaluate the whitening effects of the extracts, The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 20.1% in the Cuscutae Semen, 54.2% in the Rubi Fructus, 56.3% in the Paeoniae Radix. Based on these results, we suggest that the ethanol extracts of Cuscutae Semen, Rubi Fructus and Paeoniae Radix can be used as food and cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2012

Mulberry extracts can be incorporated into skin-whitening products. The compound attributed to lighten the skin is arbutin, a form of hydroquinone that inhibits melanin release by suppressing the tyrosinase enzyme. For the cosmetic applications, the physiological effects of mulberry (Morus alba) extracts were investigated. The water soluble fraction of mulberry contains higher amount of protein (16.28~4.47%) in contrast to fat (1.55~1.41%). In addition, the fraction abundantly contains succinic acid (972.4-275.8 mg/g) and phosphoric acid (1,628.4-121.9 mg/g) in different parts of mulberry. The free radical scavenging ability in water soluble fraction was found to display remarkable effects in comparison with methanol and ethyl acetate fraction. The ethyl acetate-soluble of root and leaf showed remarkable tyrosinase inhibition activity by IC 50 (${\mu}g/ml$). The anticancer activity of methanol fraction obtained from mulberry using human cancer cell lines showed growth inhibition effect (270.14 mg/ml in Calu-6 cells, 295.29 mg/ml in HCT-116, and 332.29 mg/ml in MCF-7 cells, respectively). Based on the results, Morus alba extracts include cosmetic ingredients with antioxidizing and whitening properties.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 2011

This study was performed to assess the antioxidant activities and whitening effects of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb on melanin synthesis. The whitening effects of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb water extracts were examined by in vitro mushroom tyrosinase assay and B16BL6 melanoma cells. We assessed inhibitory effect of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb water extract on expression of melanogenic enzyme proteins including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) in B16BL6 cells. Inhibitory effect of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb onto free radical generation was determined by measuring DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activitie. Our results indicated that Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb water extract effectively inhibited free radical generation. In DPPH and hydroxy radical scavenging activity, Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb water extract had a potent anti-oxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. They significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro and in B16BL6 melanoma cells. Also, Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb suppressed the expression of tyrosinase in B16BL6 melanoma cells. These results show that Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb inhibited melanin production on the melanogenesis. The underlying mechanism of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb on whitening activity may be due to the inhibition of tyrosinase activity. We suggest that Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb may be useful as new natural active ingredients for antioxidant and whitening cosmetics.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 2023

Background: The size of the tooth whitening market and toothpaste market is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this in vitro study is to confirm and compare the coffee stain removal effects of commercial whitening toothpaste in sound and demineralized teeth, respectively. Methods: A total of 112 flat permanent bovine teeth specimens were manufactured. Half of the surface of the specimen was coated with an acid-resistant varnish and deposited in an artificial demineralizing solution for 65 hours. The varnish applied to half of the specimen was removed and deposited in a coffee solution for 96 hours to induce coloring. Two control and five experimental group toothpastes for teeth whitening were selected and the main components were investigated. Toothbrushing was performed 50, 100, and 150 times for each toothpaste group. A total of four images were obtained: before the start and after 50, 100, and 150 times of brushing to obtain the lightness (L^*) values of the sound and the demineralized tooth surfaces. The difference in the average value between toothpaste groups at each treatment period was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The difference in the L^* average value according to the number of the brushing was analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA. Results: All toothpastes in the seven groups contained abrasive agents and had different ingredients for each product. Compared to before brushing, the L^* value changed significantly in all toothpaste groups after brushing 50 times (p<0.05). This was common in both the sound and demineralized teeth surfaces. Demineralized teeth had significantly lower L^* values at all brushing times than that in sound teeth (p<0.05). Conclusion: The effect of whitening teeth was different for each toothpaste. Demineralized teeth were more likely to cause coloration than sound teeth, and the coloration was not removed well.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2023

Red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most consumed vegetable worldwide. In this study, we tried to suggest the possibility of Cheongyang pepper as a functional cosmetic material by identifying the physiological activity, especially antioxidant and whitening effects of Cheongyang pepper through bibliometric analysis and experimental studies. A bibliometric analysis was performed through co-word analysis of 8,892 papers retrieved from SCOPUS. 4 research fields were obtained by cluster mapping from VOSviewer software, among which we noted the antioxidant activity of extracts from Capsicum annum L.. Phenol as a useful ingredient of Cheongyang pepper was analyzed using HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). Antioxidant and whitening effects were evaluated by measuring DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Cheongyang pepper extract showed contents of 0.106 ± 0.01 and 0.105 ± 0.02 mg/g, respectively, in the order of gallic acid and protocatechuic acid. The extract exhibited 56.95% DPPH scavenging activity and 43.97% hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity at a concentration of 1,000 ㎍/ml. In addition, 1,000 ㎍/ml of the extract inhibited tyrosinase activity by 52.44% and 42.61%, respectively in a whitening efficacy test using L-tyrosine and L-DOPA (L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine) as substrates. These results suggest that Cheongyang pepper extract and its active ingredients have antioxidant and whitening effects, and the possibility of future development as a whitening functional cosmetic material.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.4 s.54
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• pp.295-304
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• 2005

Recently, arbutin, oil soluble licorice extact (GLY), ascorbyl glucoside (AA2G), and ethyl ascorbyl ether (EAE) have been widely used as functional whitening ingredients. To Investigate which combination between the above agents could be more effective for whitening effect, tyrosinase activity and MSH-induced melanin production in B-16 melanoma cells were investigated. Both GLY and arbutin dose-dependently inhibited purified tyrosinase activity. The inhibitory effects of GLY with AA2A or EAE on Drosinase activity were more potent than those of GLY alone, whereas that of arbutin with other ingreadients did not show those effects. In MSH-induced melanin production in B-16 melanoma cells, the mixture of Gly and EAE more significantly reduced melanin formation than Gly alone. Stability of mixture of GLY, arbutin, AA2A and EAE exposed at the temperature of $25^{\circ}C\;or\;45^{\circ}C$ for 30 days were also investigated. All of the combinations of whitening agents did not show any critical changes in their composition stability. These data suggest that the combination of GLY and vitamin C derivatives such as AA2G and EAE may be useful for the promotion of whitening effect.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 2022

In this study, the whitening and antioxidant effects of the extracts from Hydrangea petiolaris (H. petiolaris) leaves was confirmed, and the chemical structure was identified by separating the active ingredients. In the whitening tests using α-MSH stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells, the n-hexane (Hex) fraction inhibited the cellular melanogenesis and intracellular tyrosinase activities without causing cell toxicity. In addition, the Hex fraction reduced expression of tyrosinase and TRP-2 protein. Upon the anti-oxidative studies by DPPH and ABTS⁺ radicals, potent radical scavenging activities were observed in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction. Also, for the cellular protective effects on HaCat keratinocytes damaged by H₂O₂, the EtOAc fraction indicated protective effects against oxidative stress. Eight phytochemicals were isolated from the extract of H. petiolaris leaves; ethyl linoleate (1), ethyl linolenate (2), 1-linoleoyl glycerol (3), 1-linolenoyl glycerol (4), epi-catechin (5), afzelin (6), quercitrin (7), hyperin (8). Among the isolates, the compounds 5 - 8 showed DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activities. The contents of quercitirin, a major isolated in this extract, determined by HPLC analysis were confirmed to be about 31.3 mg/g for the 70% ethanol extract and 169.8 mg/g for the EtOAc fraction. Based on these results, it was suggested that the extract from H. petiolaris leaves could be potentially applicable as whitening and anti-oxidative ingredients in cosmetic formulations.