• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.892-895
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• 2008

H-type tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is extremely rare in infants and children, and clinical manifestations of this condition are diverse based on its severity. Some cases of congenital TEF diagnosed in adulthood have been reported, which indicate the difficulty of early diagnosis of this disease. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) may induce chronic aspiration, pulmonary aspiration, apparent life-threatening events, and failure to thrive. We report a 5-month-old boy whose recurrent pneumonia and wheezing did not improve under usual treatment and led to acute respiratory distress syndrome. He was found to have severe GER on the second-trial of the esophagogram and was eventually revealed to have congenital H-type TEF upon repeated evaluation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.180-186
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• 2018

Purpose: Despite the availability of molecular methods, identification of the causative virus in children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) has proven difficult as the same viruses are often detected in asymptomatic children. Methods: Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect 15 common respiratory viruses in children under 15 years of age who were hospitalized with ARI between January 2013 and December 2015. Viral epidemiology and clinical profiles of single virus infections were evaluated. Results: Of 3,505 patients, viruses were identified in 2,424 (69.1%), with the assay revealing a single virus in 1,747 cases (49.8%). While major pathogens in single virus-positive cases differed according to age, human rhinovirus (hRV) was common in patients of all ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (IF), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) were found to be seasonal pathogens, appearing from fall through winter and spring, whereas hRV and adenovirus (AdV) were detected in every season. Patients with ARIs caused by RSV and hRV were frequently afebrile and more commonly had wheezing compared with patients with other viral ARIs. Neutrophil-dominant inflammation was observed in ARIs caused by IF, AdV, and hRV, whereas lymphocyte-dominant inflammation was observed with RSV A, parainfluenza virus, and hMPV. Monocytosis was common with RSV and AdV, whereas eosinophilia was observed with hRV. Conclusion: In combination with viral identification, recognition of virus-specific clinical and laboratory patterns will expand our understanding of the epidemiology of viral ARIs and help us to establish more efficient therapeutic and preventive strategies.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.560-569
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• 2007

Objectives : Ryodoraku is a physiological function test using electric current, and is closely related to skin sympathetic tone. Pulse analysis is known to reflect cardiovascular reactivity. There has been no report on the correlation between ryodoraku and pulse analysis in respiratory diseases. The present study examined the diagnostic values of ryodoraku and pulse analysis for respiratory disease patients Methods : For this study, we conducted ryodoraku and pulse analysis in 103 people including 79 respiratory disease outpatients who visited the $5^{th}$ Internal Department of the Oriental Medicine Hospital of Kyung Hee University during the period from January 1, 2003 to July 25, 2006, and 24 volunteers who did not have any respiratory symptoms or disease history. The respiratory disease patients were divided into five sub-groups according to their symptom: cough-sputum group, wheezing-dyspnea group ' nasal symptoms group. cold-prone group, and fatigue prone group. We compared the disease groups with the control group in six items as follows : mean ryodoraku, mean H1, mean elastic index, the percentage of those with mean ryodoraku below $40{\mu}A$, the percentage of those with HI beyond the physiological range, and the ratio of left : right of elastic index Results and Conclusions : Ryodoraku and pulse analysis were found to have a high value as quantitative diagnosis tools reflecting individuals' weakness and firmness. The results of this research suggest that ryodoraku and pulse analysis have value as tools for diagnosing respiratory diseases.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.203-211
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• 2015

Trichloroacetonitrile is used as an intermediate in insecticides, pesticides, and dyes. In Korea alone, over 10 tons are used annually. Its oral and dermal toxicity is classified as category 3 according to the globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals, and it is designated a toxic substance by the Ministry of Environment in Korea. There are no available inhalation toxicity data on trichloroacetonitrile. Thus, the present study performed inhalation tests to provide data for hazard and risk assessments. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to trichloroacetonitrile at concentrations of 4, 16, or 64 ppm for 6 hour per day 5 days per week for 13 weeks in a repeated study. As a result, salivation, shortness of breath, and wheezing were observed, and their body weights decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the 16 and 64 ppm groups. All the rats in 64 ppm group were dead or moribund within 4 weeks of the exposure. Some significant changes were observed in blood hematology and serum biochemistry (e.g., prothrombin time, ratio of albumin and globulin, blood urea nitrogen, and triglycerides), but the values were within normal physiological ranges. The major target organs of trichloroacetonitrile were the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs. The rats exposed to 16 ppm showed moderate histopathological changes in the transitional epithelium and olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and respiratory epithelium were also changed. Respiratory lesions were common in the dead rats that had been exposed to the 64 ppm concentration. The dead animals also showed loss of cilia in the trachea, pneumonitis in the lung, and epithelial hyperplasia in the bronchi and bronchioles. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was estimated to be 4 ppm. The main target organs of trichloroacetonitrile were the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.77-80
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• 2006

A 3-year-old castrated male Yorkshire terrier was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Chungnam National University. The owner complained the history of seizure before one month. barking at night, wheezing with continuous chewing motion while breathing, recent decreases of vision and weight loss. Computed tomography revealed hypodense areas in the brain and ventriculomegaly, Multifocal lesions were noted in magnetic resonance images, which were hypointense in T1-weighted images and hyperintense in T2-weighted images. Ventriculomegaly and intracranial arachnoid cyst were also observed. Finally, it was diagnosed as necrotizing meningoencephalitis by histopathologic examination after necropsy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.882-887
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• 1998

In healthy adults, diagnosis of aspiration of foreign body into tracheobronchial tree is not difficult because various symptoms such as dyspnea, coughing, or cyanosis develop when foreign body is aspirated into tracheobronchial tree. But unless a clear history of an aspiration event can be obtained, diagnosis will be delayed. Early complications of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration include asphyxia, cardiac arrest, dyspnea, laryngeal edema, and cyanosis. Late complications include pneumonia, lung abscess, bronchiectasis, hemoptysis, bronchial stenosis, and polyp. Treatment is removal of foreign body by operation or bronchoscopy. Currently, flexible bronchoscopy is preferred in adults than rigid bronchoscopy. A 36-year-old male visited to Dongkang hospital due to productive coughing and dyspnea. On auscultation, focal inspiratory wheezing was heard. On chest PA, mild emphysematous change was seen Flexible bronchoscopy was done. Bronchoscopically, mucoid impaction, surrounding inflammation, foreign body lodged in the right lower lobe bronchus, and interbronchial fistula(between right middle and lower lobe bronchus) were seen Foreign body($2.4\{times}1.3cm$ sized antacid package) was removed by flexible bronchoscopy. Later, history of aspiration of a piece of antacid package was found. We report a case of recurrent bronchitis with interbronchial fistula as a result of occult aspiration of foreign body with review of the literatures.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.449-454
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• 1996

Functional upper airway obstruction due to vocal cord dysfunction is being increasingly recognized and has been variously described as "Munchausen's stridor", "Emotional laryngeal wheezing", "Nervous asthma". It's features are symptoms of acute reversible recurrent dyspnea associated with an inspiratory stridor, normal anatomy of the upper airway, demonstration of variable severe exthrathoracic upper airways obstruction with pathologic adduction of the vocal cord at bronchoscopy. The patients with this condition are frequently misdiagnosed as asthma and the diagnosis is often delayed. So they can present a serious medical problem and are exposed to the complication of treatment and investigation. We report a case of functional upper airway obstruction due to vocal cord dysfunction who showed paradoxical vocal cord motion at bronchoscopy and typical features of variable exthrathoracic obstruction on Flow-volume loop during a symptomatic period.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.285-290
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• 1996

Diffuse panbronchiolitis is a chronic inflammatory lung disease of unknown etiology which is characterized by chronic airflow limitation and airway inflammation, predominantly localized in the respiratory bronchioles with infiltration of inflammatory cells, and has typical clinical, radiological and pathological features. Obstructive respiratory functional impairment, occasional symptoms of wheezing, and also cough and sputum resemble the feature of emphysema, bronchial asthma, or chronic bronchitis, respectively. We experienced a case of pathologically proven advanced diffuse panbronchiolitis in a 55-year-old man with productive cough and exertional dyspnea. The chest radiography showed multiple tiny nodular densities on whole lung fields. It was confirmed by thoracoscopy-guided lung biopsy and the patient was improved after initiation of treatment with low-dose erythromycin.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.84-88
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• 2017

Background: Workers in slaughterhouses are exposed to a wide range of biological contaminants, such as bacteria and fungi, due to their working environment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of respiratory disorders among workers in slaughterhouses. Methods: This study was conducted on 81 workers in slaughterhouses and 81 healthy office workers as a reference group. The American Thoracic Society standard respiratory symptoms questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of respiratory disorders. Besides, lung function tests were conducted using a calibrated spirometer at the beginning (preshift) and at the end (postshift) of the $1^{st}$ working day. Single-stage Anderson sampler was used to measure the concentration of bioaerosols in different parts of slaughterhouses. Results: The prevalence of respiratory disorders, such as cough, productive cough, breathlessness, phlegm, and wheezing, was 3.17, 4.02, 3.07, 4.66, and 3.94 times, respectively, higher among workers in slaughterhouses compared with the reference group. Conclusion: The prevalence of respiratory disorders was significantly higher among workers in slaughterhouses. Thus, the significant reduction in the percentage predicted lung function among workers in slaughterhouses might be associated with exposure to bioaerosols in their work environment.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.42-56
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• 2015

Objectives This research was proposed to present Clinical Practice Guideline(CPG) for Taeeumin Disease of Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM): Esophagus Cold-based Exterior Cold (Wiwansuhan-pyohan) disease. This CPG was developed by the national-wide experts committee consisting of SCM professors. Methods First, collection and organization of literature related to SCM such as Donguisusebowon, Text book of SCM, Clinical Guidebook of SCM and Fundamental research to standardize diagnosis of Sasang Constitutional Medicine was performed. Secondly, journals related to clinical trial or Human complementary medicine of SCM were searched. Finally, 7 articles were selected and included in CPG for Esophagus Cold-based Exterior Cold (Wiwansuhan-pyohan) disease. Results & Conclusions The CPG of Esophagus Cold-based Exterior Cold (Wiwansuhan-pyohan) disease in Taeeumin Disease include classification, definition and standard symptoms of each pattern. Esophagus Cold-based Exterior Cold (Wiwansuhan-pyohan) disease consists of two aspects : Esophagus-Cold (Wiwanhan) and Esophagus-Cold Lung-Dry (Wiwanhan-paejo) symptomatology. Esophagus-Cold (Wiwanhan) symptomatology is classified into mild and moderate pattern by severity. Mild pattern of Esophagus-Cold (Wiwanhan) symptomatology is classified into Supraspinal Exterior (Baechu-pyo) initial and Wheezing-Dyspnea (Hyocheon) pattern. Moderate pattern of Esophagus-Cold (Wiwanhan) symptomatology is classified into Cold-reversal (Hanguel) and Cold-reversal (Hanguel) advanced pattern. And Esophagus-Cold Lung-Dry (Wiwanhan-paejo) symptomatology is classified into severe and critical pattern by severity. Severe pattern of Esophagus-Cold Lung-Dry (Wiwanhan-paejo) is classified into Dry-Cold (Johan) pattern and Dry-Cold (Johan) advanced pattern. Critical pattern of Esophagus-Cold Lung-Dry (Wiwanhan-paejo) symptomatology consists of Dry-Cold (Johan) intense pattern (Eumhyeol-mogal handa pattern).