• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제12권
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• pp.19-24
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• 1969

우리나라에서 많이 생산(生産)되고 특히 단백질함량(蛋白質含量)이 많은 대두(大豆)로 부터 단백질(蛋白質)을 용출(溶出)하여 새로운 대두식품(大豆食品)을 만들고저 증자대두(蒸煮大豆)에 적당량(量)의 밀을 가(加)하여 Aspergillus sojae를 접종배양(接種培養)시켜 이것이 분비(分泌)하는 Portease에 의(依)하여 대두중(大豆中)의 단백질(蛋白質)을 Amino 산(酸) 내지 peptide형태(形態)로 분해용출(分解溶出)시키는데 있어서 최적용출조건(最適溶出條件)을 실험(實驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 원료배합(原料配合)(대두(大豆)+소맥(小麥))비(比)에 따른 단백질용출량(蛋白質溶出量)은 단위(單位) 원료당(原料當) 총용출단백질양(總溶出蛋白質量)은 콩만을 원료(原料)로한 것이 가장 많았고 용해율(溶解率)은 양자 등양배합비(等量配合比)가 가장 높은 값을 나타내나 총용출단백질양(總溶出蛋白質量)과 용해율(溶解率)을 더하여 생각할 때 콩과 밀이 10:4의 배합(配合)이 가장 적당하다. 2. 가수량(加水量)에 따른 단백질 용출량(溶出量)은 가수량(加水量)이 많을수록 용출량(溶出量)도 많았으나 용출후(溶出後) 농축(濃縮)할 것을 고려하면 6배(倍)(V/pH) 정도의 가수량(加水量)이 적당하다. 3. 소화(消化) pH는 $5{\sim}8$ 정도로 하는 것이 용출량(溶出量)이 높으며 보통의 수도물을 그대로 사용함이 용출후 중화의 필요성이 없으므로 적당하다. 4. 소화온도(消化溫度)는 $40{\sim}45^{\circ}C$ 용출기간(溶出期間)은 18시간(時間)이 적당하다. 5. 식염첨가(食鹽添加)는 부패방지기간(腐敗防止期間)을 연장시킬 수 있으나 단백질용출량(蛋白質溶出量)은 감소하는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 6. 상기(上記)의 최적 조건으로서 시료중(試料中)의 총단백질(總蛋白質)에 대(對)하여 70%까지 용출(溶出)이 가능하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 1987

탈진대두와 밀가루 코오지를 산분해간장에 첨가하여 담금한 각 시험구 간장(시험구 A : 탈지대두와 밀가루 배합량이 동일한 대량 담금구, 시험구 B : 배합량이 A구와 같은 소량 담금구, 시험구 C : 탈지대두 6, 밀가루 4의 비율로 담금한 소량 담금구)의 숙성 과정중 각종 성분을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 총질소와 아미노태 질소는 경시적으로 증가하였고, A구, B구, C구의 순으로 높았다. 환원당은 $20{\sim}40$일에 $12.13{\sim}15.76\;%$ 로 가장 높았고 120일에는 $10.75{\sim}12.40\;%$ 였으며 C구가 높았다. ethyl alcohol은 경시적으로 완만하게 증가되어 120일에 $0.45{\sim}1.23\;%$ 로 가장 높았고 B구와 C구가 높았다. 레블리린산은 담금 직후 A구에서 0.40% 였으나 100일에는 0.17% 로 저하되었고, B구와 C구는 당금 직후 $0.54{\sim}0.60\;%$ 였다. 젖산은 담금 직후보다 100일에 다소 증가되었으나 경시적으로 불규칙적인 변화를 보였고 A구가 높은 경향을 보였다. 유리 아미노산은 glutamic acid, lencine, alanine, phenylalanine이 모든 시험구에서 높았으나 histidine, tyrosine, methionine은 낮았다. 총 유리 아미노산 함량은 담금 직후보다 90일에 시험구 모두 증가되었고, B구, C구, A구의 순으로 높았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.625-630
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• 1995

전분의 열수추출물 성분이 전분의 겔형성이나 성질과 어떤 관계가 있는 가를 연구하기 위해 묵제조용전분(도토리, 메밀, 녹두)과 비묵제조용전분(옥수수, 쌀, 밀)의 현탁액을 $85^{\circ}C$에서 가열하여 추출물을 얻고 이들의 이 화학적 성질과 분자량 분포를 조사하였다. 또한 추출물로 겔을 만들어 전분겔과 함께 산가수분해하여 가수분해정도, 가수분해잔유물의 평균중합도, 분자량분포 등도 조사하였다. 추출물의 추출율은 아밀로오스 함량이 적고 지질의 함량이 많은 곡류전분이 적어 $4.0{\sim}6.6%$를 나타냈으며 아밀로오스함량이 많고 지질의 함량이 적은 도토리, 녹두전분은 각각 11.7%와 13.5%로 추출율이 컸다. 이화학적 성질과 분자량 분포결과를 보면 묵제조용전분의 추출물은 대부분이 아밀로오스로 구성되어 있으며 비묵제조용전분의 추출물에는 약간의 아밀로펙틴물질이 포함되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 겔을 산가수분해(1 N HCl, $35^{\circ}C$, 60일)한 결과 추출물겔의 가수분해도는 $22{\sim}35%$이었으며 전분겔의 가수분해도는 아밀로펙틴의 분해로 추출물겔보다 높은 $70{\sim}84%$를 나타냈다. 추출물겔의 가수분해에서는 아밀로오스가 많은 묵제조용전분의 추출물겔의 가수분해도가 $22{\sim}29%$이었으며 아밀로오스가 적은 비묵제조용전분의 추출물겔의 분해도는 $30{\sim}35%$이었다. 가수분해 잔유물은 겔크로마토그래피 결과 한 개의 피크를 갖는 것으로 나타났으며 추출물겔의 잔유물의 평균중합도가 전분겔의 평균중합도보다 더 컸다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.306-312
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• 2022

화분을 열처리 가공 원료로 활용하기 위해 압력을 달리하여 팽화처리 화분을 제조하고 이화학적 특성과 항산화 활성을 평가하였다. 팽화강도가 증가함에 따라 화분은 수분함량이 감소하고 갈변도가 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한 화분의 항산화 활성의 경우, 극성지수가 다른 3종 용매로 얻은 물, 에탄올, 헥산 추출물 모두 총 환원력과 DPPH라디칼 소거활성이 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 특히 극성용매로 얻은 추출물에서 활성이 현저히 높았다. 실험군 중 상대적으로 약한 팽화처리 조건(2.5 kgf/cm²)으로 제조한 화분도 생화분보다 물 추출물에서 3배, 에탄올 추출물에서 5배 이상 높은 활성을 보였다. 이 결과는 팽화처리 후 수분감소로 인한 농축효과뿐 아니라 가속화된 메일라드 갈변반응으로 환원성 물질이 생성된 결과로 해석된다. 이 조건에서 팽화처리된 화분으로 제조한 밀엿강정은 생화분 첨가군과 비교하여 낮은 L, a, b 값과 적정산도, 높은 pH와 항산화 활성을 보여 팽화처리 화분의 특성을 그대로 보여주었다. 이 결과는, 팽화화분이 보유한 메일라드 반응산물(MRP)의 항산화 활성이 밀엿강정에 실질적으로 부여되었음을 보여준다. 그럼에도 불구하고 제조직후 산화방지 효과는 뚜렷이 관찰되지 않았는데, 이는 강정 제조 시 사용한 당용액이 강정과 산소가 직접적으로 접촉하는 것을 방지하였기 때문으로 사료된다. 밀엿강정에서 확인된 항산화 활성을 고려하면, 본 연구 결과는 팽화처리 화분을 첨가한 가공식품의 경우 열처리 직후보다 저장 중 산화안정성이 기대되므로, 이에 대한 후속 연구의 필요성을 시사한다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.191-201
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• 2010

This study attempted to examine the application of retrograded starch (RS3) isolated from rice flour into Madeleine which is easy to make, supply enough energy and micro nutrients with adequate drinks, and prevent an adult disease. This could be a popular food to anyone regardless of age and gender who avoid rice and become high value-added, processed rice foods. For this, control Madeleine was made from wheat flour and an experimental one was made from 5 or 10% rice RS3 addition as well as wheat flour. Four different types of rice were produced from Premium Ho-Pyong Rice, that is, dry milled rice flour(RFD), soaked for 8 hours and milled, followed by air-dried rice flour(RFW), rice starch(RST), and retrograded rice starch or enzyme-resistant starch(RS3). The results found were as follows: Proximate compositions were decreased with soaking to make RFW, RST and RS3, compared to RFD. RS3 had the highest L, +a and ${\Delta}E$ with the lowest +b, changing it to a dark color, explaining the need for heat control during processing. At $80^{\circ}C$, the swelling power was shown in the order of RST>RFW>RFD>RS3 and the solubility of RS3 was the highest. There were significant differences in viscosities of peak, trough, cold, breakdown and total setback of all rice samples using RVA (p<0.001). Due to the pH of RS3, the Madeleine batter became acidic (p<.01) and expanded, resulting in more air cells and open texture. With an increasing RS3 level in Madeleine, several textural attributes among 'fresh' and 'stored at room temperature' Madeleine samples were significantly different by using Texture Analyzer. While the addition of RS3 in Madeleine did not significantly affect the sensory evaluation, indicating RS3 isolated from rice as a beneficial ingredient for processed rice products.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.79-84
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• 1988

대두(大豆)중에 존제하는 장내(腸內) 가스 발생인자인 raffinose와 stachyose의 제거에 이용될 수 있는 Aspergillus niger의 ${\alpha}$-galactosidase는 Czapeck-Dox 액체배지와 밀기울 배지에서 5일간 배양하였을 때 효소생성이 제일 높았다. Czapeck-Dox 액체배양에서 raffinose와 $NaNO_3$가 효소생산에 가장 효과적인 탄소원과 질소원으로 나타났으며 밀기울 배양에서는 질소원 또는 탄소원의 첨가효과가 없었다. 생성된 조효소(組酵素)용액의 작용 최적 pH는 4.0-5.0, 안정도 최적 pH는 3.5-6.5, 최적온도는 $40-50^{\circ}C$ 였다. 합성기질인 p-nitrophenyl-${\alpha}$-D-galactoside에 대한 Michaelis상수는 0.42mM, 최대반응속도는 152${\mu}moles$ substrate/min/kg (고체배지)이었다. $HgCl_2$는 강력한 비경쟁 저해제로 작용하였고 p-chloromercuribenzoate는 낮은 농도에서 경쟁 저해제로 작용하였다. 조효소 용액은 raffinose와 stachyose를 완전 분해하여 단당류 만을 생성하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.262-272
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• 1984

A study on the balance of essential amino acids in Korean diet and further investigation on quality of protein through optimum combination of foods using the least square method based on FAO/WHO (1973) provisional score patterns were carried out The results of the optimum gross combination are summarized as follows: 1) The first limiting amino acids of the Korean diet was found to be methionine and cysteine based on both whole egg and FAO/WHO (1973) provisional score patterns. 2) Weight ratios between rice and beef, chicken, pork, rabbit meat are 7 : 3, 4 : 1, 4 : 1, and 3 : 1. The amino acid score and the least amino acid are 100(phe+tyr), 99(thr), 111(trp), and 109(leu) for each combination. This result indicates that pork and rabbit meat can be high quality protein sources for the rice eating people. 3) Weight ratios between rice and anchovy, saury, ark shell, pollack, cuttle fish, tuna and herring are 2 : 1, 5 : 1, 3 : 2, 3 : 1, 3 : 1, 4 : 1, and 3 : 1. 4) Weight ratios between potato and rice, wheat flour are 8 : 1 and 24 : 1. Lysine, the limiting amino acid of rice and wheat flour can be complemented by combining these with potato. 5) It is possible to apply this idea on typical Korean dishes. For example, in case of soybean-sprout rice the optimum combinations of rice : soybean-sprout : pork and rice : soybean-sprout : beef are 4 : 1 : 1 and 11 : 1 : 5. It is of utmost importance to pursue further more desirable combinations with more complex food items and transform the result obtained by the computer analysis into more practical terms for practical use.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.294-294
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• 2017

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the main agricultural crops in Asian countries, including Korea, and is considered as the most important staple food in the world. Rice is also processed into flour, which is consumed through various foods such as cake, noodle, bread, and confectionary. Rice flour quality is highly dependent on variety and milling conditions. Producing rice flour with fine particles is more difficult than wheat flour because of its grain hardness. The Korean rice varieties representing different amylose contents were selected for this study. The relationship between the morphological and starch characteristics of rice kernels and the appropriate varieties for producing good-quality, dry-milled rice flour were examined. The hardness of the rice kernels was determined by measuring the pressure at the grain breakage point. The damaged starch content of the rice flour was determined using a Megazyme starch damage assay kit. The particle-size distribution of the rice flour was measured as the volume-base distribution using a laser-diffraction particle size analyzer. The mean particle-size distribution of the dry-milled flour obtained was between $65.3{\sim}105.1{\mu}m$ among the rice varieties. The opaque, non-glutinous, Seolgaeng rice demonstrated a narrow peak at the fine size, whereas the entire particle-distribution range for other varieties was wide. Seolgaeng exhibited significantly lower damaged starch content of dry-milled flour than the other varieties (p < 0.05). Seolgaeng showed lowest in energy consumption on rice flour production with 200 mesh particle size. Accordingly, it is possible to produce dry-milled rice flour which is similar to wheat flour that would considerably reduce milling costs.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2009

Sun-cuisine is a traditional Korean side dish. This study examined the methods used to prepare Sun-cuisine in 11 Korean recipe books published over the last 100 years. The main ingredients of Sun-cuisine were typically vegetables, fins, fur, feathers, meat, legumes and mushrooms dipped in wheat flour or mung bean starch powder and stuffed with various minor ingredients known as "so". These dishes are highly seasoned and boiled in meat stock or steamed in a double boiler, after which they were sprinkled with toppings. Various materials are used as the main ingredients. When vegetables were used as the main ingredients, they were sprinkled with salt, sliced and stuffed with beef or mushrooms. Meat stock was then poured on top of the vegetables and they were steamed. A total of 38 food materials were used as the minor ingredients, while 25 materials were used as seasonings and six foods were used as toppings. Pine nuts were widely used as a minor ingredient, seasoning and topping. Sun-cuisine is generally made using various powders such as starch or wheat flour. Sun-cuisine was a kind of royal court food in the past that was served as a side dish. Recently, Sun-cuisine is eaten less often because its cooking process is too delicate and complicated. Therefore, additional studies to enable the modernization of the Sun-cuisine cooking process should be conducted with the goal of revitalizing the beauty and taste of this traditional food.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.488-494
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• 2013

A food allergy is an adverse health effect arising from a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly upon exposure to a given food. In those with food allergies that are thought to cause aggravation of eczema, food avoidance is important. The objective of this study was to research the nutritional status of patients with food allergies. A total of 225 subjects diagnosed with atopic dermatitis underwent a skin prick test as well as measurement of serum immunoglobulin E. Food challenge tests were conducted using seven food items: milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, beef, pork, and chicken. At post-food challenge visits to the test clinic, participants completed a three-day dietary record, which included two week days and one weekend day, in order to evaluate energy intake and diet quality during the challenge. We analyzed nutrient intake based on differential food allergens. Subjects with a food allergy to milk showed lower intake of Ca, Zn, and vitamin B2, and subjects with a food allergy to egg showed lower intake of vitamin A, B1, B2, niacin, and cholesterol. Subjects with a food allergy to wheat and soybean showed lower intake of Ca, P, Fe, K, Zn, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and niacin; and subjects with a food allergy to beef, pork, and chicken showed lower intake of Fe and higher intake of K, vitamin A, B2. Subjects with atopic dermatitis were lacking in several nutrients, including vitamin A and vitamin C. A greater number of food allergies showed an association with a greater number of nutrient intake deficiencies. Allergen avoidance is the basic treatment for atopic dermatitis. However, when the allergen is food, excessive restriction can lead to nutrition deficiency. Findings of this study suggest the necessity for enhanced nutritional education in order to provide substitute foods for patients with food allergies who practice food restriction.