• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.200-200
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• 2017

Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses and severely impairs plant growth and production. Root is the first site for nutrient accumulation like as $Na^+$ in the plant. To investigate the response of wheat root under salinity stress, we executed the characterization of morphology and analysis of metabolites. Wheat seeds cv. Keumgang (Korean cultivar) were grown on the moist filter paper in Petri dish. After 5 days, seedlings were transferred to hydroponic apparatus at 1500 LUX light intensity, at $20^{\circ}C$ with 70% relative humidity in a growth chamber. Seedlings (5-day-old) were exposed to 50mM, 75mM, 100mM NaCl for 5 days. Ten-day-old seedlings were used for morphological characterization and metabolite analysis. Root and leaf length became shorter in high NaCl concentration compared to following NaCl treatment. For confirmation of salt accumulation, wheat roots were stained with $CoroNa^+$ Green AM, and fluoresce, and the image was taken by confocal microscopy. $Na^+$ ion accumulation rate was higher at 100mM compared to the untreated sample. Furthermore, to analyze metabolites in the wheat root, samples were extracted by $D_2O$ solvent, and extracted sample was analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Fourteen metabolites were identified in wheat roots using NMR spectroscopy. Methanol and ethanol were up-regulated, whereas formate, aspartate, aminobutyrate, acetate and valine were down-regulated under salinity stress on roots of wheat. Fumarate had no change, while glucose, betaine, choline, glutamate and lactate were unevenly affected during salinity stress.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.126-126
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• 2017

Mitochondria are important in wheat, as in all crops, as the main source of ATP for cell maintenance and growth including vitamin synthesis, amino acid metabolism and photorespiration. To investigate the mitochondrial proteome of the roots of wheat seedlings, a systematic and targeted analysis were carried out on the mitochondrial proteome from 15 day-old wheat seedling root material. Mitochondria were isolated by Percoll gradient centrifugation; and extracted proteins were separated and analyzed by Tricine SDS-PAGE along with LTQ-FTICR mass spectrometry. From the isolated the sample, 184 proteins were identified which is composed of 140 proteins as mitochondria and 44 proteins as other subcellular proteins that are predicted by the freeware subcellular predictor. The identified proteins in mitochondria were functionally classified into 12 classes using the ProtFun 2.2 server based on biological processes. Proteins were shown to be involved in amino acid biosynthesis (17.1%), biosynthesis of cofactors (6.4%), cell envelope (11.4%), central intermediary metabolism (10%), energy metabolism (20%), fatty acid metabolism (0.7%), purines and pyrimidines (5.7%), regulatory functions (0.7%), replication and transcription (1.4%), translation (22.1%), transport and binding (1.4%), and unknown (2.8%). These results indicate that many of the protein components present and functions of identifying proteins are common to other profiles of mitochondrial proteins performed to date. This dataset provides the first extensive picture, to our knowledge, of mitochondrial proteins from wheat roots. Future research is required on quantitative analysis of the wheat mitochondrial proteomes at the spatial and developmental level.

• Genes and Genomics
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.1199-1211
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• 2018

Soil acidification is one of major problems limiting crop growth and especially becoming increasingly serious in China owing to excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer. Only the STOP1 of Arabidopsis was identified clearly sensitive to proton rhizotoxicity and the molecular mechanism for proton toxicity tolerance of plants is still poorly understood. The main objective of this study was to investigate the transcriptomic change in plants under the low pH stress. The low pH as a single factor was employed to induce the response of the wheat seedling roots. Wheat cDNA microarray was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A total of 1057 DEGs were identified, of which 761 genes were up-regulated and 296 were down-regulated. The greater percentage of up-regulated genes involved in developmental processes, immune system processes, multi-organism processes, positive regulation of biological processes and metabolic processes of the biological processes. The more proportion of down-regulation genes belong to the molecular function category including transporter activity, antioxidant activity and molecular transducer activity and to the extracellular region of the cellular components category. Moreover, most genes among 41 genes involved in ion binding, 17 WAKY transcription factor genes and 17 genes related to transport activity were up-regulated. KEGG analysis showed that the jasmonate signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis might play important roles in response to the low pH stress in wheat seedling roots. Based on the data, it is can be deduced that WRKY transcription factors might play a critical role in the transcriptional regulation, and the alkalifying of the rhizosphere might be the earliest response process to low pH stress in wheat seedling roots. These results provide a basis to reveal the molecular mechanism of proton toxicity tolerance in plants.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2001

밀과 보리의 방사선 조사 여부를 검지하기 위해 생물학적 방법인 발아법을 이용하였다. 곡류의 순과 뿌리 성장은 0.3 kGy에서도 상당히 억제되므로 0.5 kGy 이하의 저선량으로 감마선 조사하였고 순과 뿌리 길이를 측정하여 성장정도를 확인하였다. 밀의 순은 모든 선량에서 5일 동안 지속적인 성장을 하였지만 0.1 kGy조사시료를 제외하고 조사선량이 증가할수록 길이가 짧아지거나 성장정도가 감소하는 경향을 보여 비조사 시료와 조사 시료의 구분이 가능하였다. 밀의 뿌리는 비조사 시료의 길이 성장정도가 조사 시료들보다 컸으며 3일째 뿌리의 길이가 20mm에 가장가깝게 성장하였으므로 이를 기준하여 조사여부를 판정하였다. 보리의 경우 순과 뿌리 모두 조사선량이 증가할수록 성장이 지연되었다. 순은 0.3 kGy 이상 조사 시료에서 조사선량이 증가할수록 5일간의 성장정도가 점차 감소하여 비조사 시료와 조사시료의 구분이 가능하였고 보리의 뿌리는 3일부터 조사 시료들과 비조사 시료들간에 차이를 보이면서 5일째에는 0.3 kGy 이상 조사 시료들과 비조사 시료들간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 보리의 방사선 조사 여부의 판별은 뿌리가 3일 째 20mm에 가장 가깝게 성장한 것과 5일 동안 성장정도가 가장 큰 것을 기준하여 비조사 시료와 조사 시료를 판별할 수 있었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.127-127
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• 2017

Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust and considered as the most limiting factor for plant productivity in acidic soils. The inhibition of root growth is recognized as the primary effect of Al toxicity. Seeds of wheat cv. Keumkang (Korean cultivar) were germinated on petridish for 5 days and then transferred hydroponic apparatus which was treated with $0{\mu}M$ $AlCl_3$ (control), $100{\mu}M$ $AlCl_3$ and $150{\mu}M$ $AlCl_3$ for 5 days. The length of roots, shoots and fresh weight of wheat seedlings were decreased under aluminum stress. The concentrations of $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ac^{2+}$ were decreased whereas $Al^{3+}$ and $P_2O_5{^-}$ concentration was increased under aluminum stress. Using confocal microscopy, the fluorescence intensity of aluminum was increased with morin staining. In this study, a proteome analysis was performed to identify proteins, which is responsible to aluminum stress in wheat roots. In 10-day-old seedlings, proteins were extracted from roots and separated by 2-DE, stained by CBB. Using image analysis, a total of 47 differentially expressed protein spots were selected, whereas 19 protein spots were significantly up-regulated such as s-adenosylmethionine, oxalate oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, cysteine synthase, ascorbate peroxidase and 28 protein spots were significantly down-regulated such as heat shock protein 70, o-methytransferase 4, enolase, amylogenin by aluminum stress following protein spots analyzed by LTQ-FTICR mass spectrometry. The results provide the global picture of Al toxicity-induced alterations of protein profiles in wheat roots, and identify the Al toxicity-responsive proteins related to various biological processes that may provide some novel clues about plant Al tolerance.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.21-25
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• 1964

1. 본 시험은 이병된 식물의 잔재물 또는 토양중에 있는 맥류적미병균(Gibberella zeae (Mont.) Sacc.)이 14종의 작물유묘에 미치는 병원성을 검정하고자 하였다. 2. 이들 작물은 병원균을 인공적으로 접종한 토양, 그리고 맥류적미병의 발생이 자연적으로 심했던 곳과 경했던 곳의 토양에 공시하여 본균에 대한 이병성을 검정하였다. 3. 인공접종시험에 있어서 보리, 밀, 호밀, 콩, 벼, 메밀, 옥수수, 목화, 녹두는 이병성이었고, 팥, 참깨, 수수, 무, 배추 등은 저항성을 나타내었다. 4. 인공접종시험에 있어서, 이병성작물의 발아율은 벼, 옥수수, 목화를 제외하고 접종토양과 배접종토양에 있어 현저한 유의차가 있었다. 아시전립고는 보리, 옥수수에서만, 아시후립고는 호밀, 밀, 벼, 메밀, 보리, 옥수수에서 일어났다. 이병성작물의 대부분은 제2차근이 거의 부패하였고 제1차근도 부패 내지 변색되어 있었다. 이병성작물은 초장이 접종토양과 비접종토양에 있어 현저한 유의차가 있었다. 5. 자연상태에서 맥류적미병의 발생이 심했던 곳과 경했던 곳의 토양에 보리, 밀, 호밀을 파종하였으나 본균에 의한 침해나 영향을 발견할 수 없었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.344-344
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• 2017

The glycoprotein known as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is abundantly produced on the hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil and roots. GRSP play a decisive role in the soil aggregation, but GRSP was also sensitive to agricultural managements. Thus, our objectives were to assess the effect of different cover crop incorporation on the GRSP content in soil and growth of subsequent soybean and maize. Pot experiments with the incorporation of four cover crops were set up. The same amount (666g) of aboveground plant parts of wheat (AMF host), hairy vetch (AMF host), mustard (non-host) and rapeseed (non-host) was separately incorporated into soils. The aboveground plant parts and roots of soybean and maize were grown in each incorporated pots and sampled at 6 and 9 weeks after sowing. Our results showed that the different cover crops incorporation affected soil biological and chemical properties such as EC, $NO_3-N$ content, ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and GRSP content. The soil EC and $NO_3-N$ content in the hairy vetch, mustard and rapeseed was higher compared to the wheat. The ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activity in the wheat and hairy vetch was significantly higher than that in the mustard and rapeseed, and the ALP activity in the wheat was significantly higher than that in the hairy vetch, mustard, and rapeseed. The GRSP content in the mustard and rapeseed was significantly lower than that of the hairy vetch and wheat. Moreover, The top dry weight and leaf area of soybean and maize in the hairy vetch at 6 weeks were significantly higher compared to the other treatments. Our results indicated that the incorporation of mustard and rapeseed may cause indirectly the decrease of GRSP content and soil enzyme activity in soil. One possible explanation for the decrease of GRSP in non-AMF host crop treatments may be the decrease of AMF density in the soil. AMF are not able to form a symbiotic relationship with Brassicaceae roots due to the release of anti-fungal compounds. This means the AMF may not be able to produce GRSP in the soil. However, the differences in the benefit of cover crop incorporation were shown only by a pot experiment. Comparative investigations of crop residue managements would be applied to both pot experiment and field study to clarify a better selection of cover crops in rotation to encourage GRSP production.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Fusarium culmorum is one of the most important causal agents of root rot of wheat. In this study, 10 F. culmorum isolates were collected from farms located in five agro-ecological regions of Morocco. These were used to challenge 20 durum wheat genotypes via artificial inoculation of plant roots under controlled conditions. The isolate virulence was determined by three traits (roots browning index, stem browning index, and severity of root rot). An alpha-lattice design with three replicates was used, and the resulting ANOVA revealed a significant (P < 0.01) effect of isolate (I), genotype (G), and G × I interaction. A total of four response types were observed (R, MR, MS, and S) revealing that different genes in both the pathogen and the host were activated in 53% of interactions. Most genotypes were susceptible to eight or more isolates, while the Moroccan cultivar Marouan was reported resistant to three isolates and moderately resistant to three others. Similarly, the Australian breeding line SSD1479-117 was reported resistant to two isolates and moderately resistant to four others. The ICARDA elites Icaverve, Berghisyr, Berghisyr2, Amina, and Icaverve2 were identified as moderately resistant. Principal component analysis based on the genotypes responses defined two major clusters and two sub-clusters for the 10 F. culmorum isolates. Isolate Fc9 collected in Khemis Zemamra was the most virulent while isolate Fc3 collected in Haj-Kaddour was the least virulent. This work provides initial results for the discovery of differential reactions between the durum lines and isolates and the identification of novel sources of resistance.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.66-72
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• 1979

동일주에서 발생한 근을 이등분하여 생육환경을 바르게 하였을 때 근부와 지상부의 형질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 1. 근의 생육에 좋은 환경에서 성장한 편보다 과습 과건등 좋지 못한 환경에서 성장한 편이 근수는 적고 근장은 짧았으며 근중은 가벼웠다. 2. 또 근의 양편 모두 생육에 좋은 환경에서 성장한 주보다 한편만이 좋지 못한 환경에서 성장한 주가 근수는 적고 근장은 짧았으며 근중은 가벼웠다. 3. 따라서 동일주에서 한편의 근을 생육환경을 불량하게 하였을 때 그 근에 직접 부착되어 있는 지상부의 생육에만 영향을 미치는 것이 아니고 일주전체에 영향이 있는 경향으로 4. 근의 양편 모두 생육에 좋은 환경에서 성장한 주보다 한편만이 좋지 못한 환경에서 성장한 주가 출수기는 지연되고 간장과 수장이 짧았으며 유효경비율도 낮았다. 5. 수량은 근의 생육량과 정의 유의상관을 보여 근의 생육이 좋은 환경에서 성장한 주에 비하여 임쪽이 좋지 못한 환경에서 성장한 주의 수량이 감수되었는데 감수정도는 과건>과습, 사토> 식양토 순위였다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.293-293
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• 2022

This study is to develop new wheat breeding material through wide hybridization with wild species harboring useful characteristics such as salt, heat, and drought tolerance. Leymus mollis, wild rye was used to improve wheat genetic quality. L. mollis, is a perennial plant harboring tolerance against salt, heat, and drought because L. mollis distributes on the seaside. The F₁ hybrids were produced by crossing between common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Chinese Spring) and L. mollis. Genomic in situ hybridization revealed that the F₁ hybrids have L. mollis genome. For the evaluation of salt and drought tolerance, seeds from the F₂ were used. Under 2% NaCl solution, the F₃ wheat-Leymus addition plants with salt tolerance showed more tillering and longer roots than other F₃ plants without salt tolerance. Also, the F₃ plants with salt tolerance showed better shallow-rooted than other F₃ plants without salt tolerance. Finally, the F₃ plants with salt tolerance made seed-setting under 2% NaCl condition, but other F₃ plants without salt tolerance were not. Under drought conditions, the F₃ plants with drought tolerance showed longer culm and spike length than other F₃ plants without drought tolerance and even those of Chinese Spring under well-water conditions. We evaluated and selected the F₃ plants with salt or drought tolerance for generation advancement.