• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.577-586
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• 2013

This study investigated black garlic and mugwort extracts have anti-stress activity. The antioxidant activities of extracts from black garlic (BEP), mugwort (MEP), and three mixtures (MPA, 95:5; MPB, 90:10; MPC, 85:15, w/w% for BEP and MEP, respectively) were tested in vitro. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities for the mixtures (MPA, MPB and MPC) were significantly elevated in a dose-dependent manner by the amount of mugwort extract. A restraint stress was imposed on six groups of Sprague-Dawley rats supplemented with an AIN-93 diet (RSC) or one of five kinds of hot water extract drinks containing (black garlic, RS1; mugwort, RS2; and mixtures of black garlic : mugwort at 95:5, RS3; 90:10, RS4, and a mixture of black garlic : mugwort : apple extract : xylitol=90.25:4.75:2:3, RS5; v/v%) for 4 weeks. The normal group was fed with the AIN-93 diet and not exposed to restraint stress. Food intake was higher in the group fed with garlic extract (RS1), while the body weight gain and food efficiency ratio did not significantly change. The total serum cholesterol content in the RS1 and RS2 groups was significantly lower than the RSC group (control), and the RS5 group was not significantly different compared to the RS3 group. The serum triglyceride content was significantly higher RS3~RS5 groups than RS1 and RS2 groups. In terms of HDL-C and LDL-C contents, AI and CRF in the serum were not significantly different between RS3 and RS5 groups. AST and ALP activities of RS1~RS5 groups were significantly lower than the RSC group. The liver total lipid and cholesterol contents of RS1~RS5 groups were significantly lower than RSC group, and triglyceride content was significantly lower in the RS1 group. Glycogen in the liver tissue was significantly higher in the RS2 and RS3 group compared to the RSC group. These results show that the intake of a mixture of black garlic and mugwort extracts may be effective in the alleviation of hyperlipidemia caused by restraint stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.845-855
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• 2013

Requirements of dietary chloride (dCl) and chloride salts were determined by using $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement under four phase feeding program. Four levels (0.31, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.73%) and two sources ($NH_4Cl$ and $CaCl_2$) of the dCl were allocated to 1,472 chicks in eight dietary treatments in which each treatment was replicated four times with 46 birds per replicate. The four phase feeding program was comprised of four dietary phases: Prestarter (d 1 to 10), Starter (d 11 to 20), Grower (d 21 to 33) and Finisher (d 34 to 42); and diets were separately prepared for each phase. The cations, anions, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were analyzed in drinking water and were not affected by dietary treatments. BW gain (BWG; $p{\leq}0.009$) and feed:gain (FG; $p{\leq}0.03$) were improved in $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets during d 1 to 10. The maximum response of BWG and FG was observed at 0.38% and 0.42% dCl, respectively, for d 34 to 42. However, the level of dCl for BWG during d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.04$) and d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.009$) was optimized at 0.60% and 0.42%, respectively. The level of dCl for optimized feed intake (FI; $p{\leq}0.006$), FG ($p{\leq}0.007$) and litter moisture (LM; $p{\leq}0.001$) was observed at 0.60%, 0.38% and 0.73%, respectively, for d 1 to 42. Water intake (DWI) was not affected by increasing dCl supplementation (p>0.05); however, the ratio between DWI and FI (DWI:FI) was found highest at 0.73% dCl during d 1 to 10 ($p{\leq}0.05$) and d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.009$). Except for d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.006$), the increasing level of dCl did not result in a significant difference in mortality during any phase. Blood pH and glucose, and breast and thigh weights (percentage of dressed weight) were improved while dressing percentage (DP) and gastrointestinal health were exacerbated with $NH_4Cl$ as compared to $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Higher plasma $Na^+$ and $HCO_3{^-}$ and lower $Cl^-$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ were observed in $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Increasing supplementation of dCl increased plasma $Cl^-$ ($p{\leq}0.04$; quadratically) and linearly reduced plasma $K^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ ($p{\leq}0.003$), $HCO_3{^-}$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), and $Na^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratically). Consequently, higher requirements of dietary chloride are suggested for feed intake; nevertheless, lower levels of dietary chloride are sufficient to support optimal BWG and FG with increasing age. The $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ameliorate breast and thigh meat yield along with overall energy balance (glucose).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.2008-2020
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary corn resistant starch (RS) on the intestinal morphology and barrier functions of broilers. Methods: A total of 320 one-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 5 dietary treatments: one normal corn-soybean (NC) diet, one corn-soybean-based diet supplementation with 20% corn starch (CS), and 3 corn-soybean-based diets supplementation with 4%, 8%, and 12% corn resistant starch (RS) (identified as 4% RS, 8% RS, and 12% RS, respectively). Each group had eight replicates with eight broilers per replicate. After 21 days feeding, one bird with a body weight (BW) close to the average BW of their replicate was selected and slaughtered. The samples of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum digesta, and blood were collected. Results: Birds fed 4% RS, 8% RS and 12% RS diets showed lower feed intake, BW gain, jejunal villus height (VH), duodenal crypt depth (CD), jejunal VH/CD ratio, duodenal goblet cell density as well as mucin1 mRNA expressions compared to the NC group, but showed higher concentrations of cecal acetic acid and butyric acid, percentage of jejunal proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells and delta like canonical Notch ligand 4 (Dll4), and hes family bHLH transcription factor 1 mRNA expressions. However, there were no differences on the plasma diamine oxidase activity and D-lactic acid concentration among all groups. Conclusion: These findings suggested that RS could suppress intestinal morphology and barrier functions by activating Notch pathway and inhibiting the development of goblet cells, resulting in decreased mucins and tight junction mRNA expression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.658-663
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on utilizations of various minerals, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn. Intakes, serum levels, and excretions of these minerals were analyzed and compared in rats fed diet with 100, 200, 400% of iron requirement (Fe, 2Fe, 4Fe groups) for 6 weeks. The feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were not significantly different among the groups. Serum Fe of 2Fe group was significantly lower than other two groups, and serum Zn of 4Fe group was highest. Mineral intakes were not significantly different among three groups. With iron supplementation, urinary excretions of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn were elevated, but fecal excretions of minerals were not significantly different. And the daily retentions of Na and Fe were significantly elevated, but apparent absorbabilities of minerals were not significantly different. In summary, according to iron supplementation, mineral absorbabilities were not different but urinary excretions of some minerals were increased. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate iron intake and well-balanced diet are more desirable than nutrient supplementation for mineral balance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.613-618
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• 1999

This study investigated the effect of tea fungus/kombucha(TF) beverage on body weights, pancreas weights, serum glucose and lipid concentrations of both normal and diabetic male rats. Sprague Dawley male rats weighing $140{\pm}10g$ were randomly assigned to one control and five streptozotocin(STZ) diabetic groups. Diabetic groups were divided into D control(TF free water), 20% TFD(20% TF in water), 40% TFD(40% TF in water), 20% TFSD(20% TF disinfection in water) and 40% TFSD(40% TF disinfection in water) according to the level of TF supplementation. Diabetes was experimentally induced by intraperitoneally administration of STZ in citrate buffer(pH4.3) after 3 week feeding of four experimental water. Animals were sacrificed at the 4 week of diabetic state. The diabetic groups showed significant decrease of body weight(-29.4~48.6g) compared with the control group(72.4g). Pancreatic weights relative to body weights in all diabetic groups were heavier than those of the control group. The levels of fasting serum glucose were higher in all diabetic groups than that of the control group. The concentrations of triglyceride in serum was lower in 20% TFD and 20% TFSD groups than in those D control group. The levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol in serum and atherogenic index were significantly decreased in all(20 or 40%) TFD and TFSD groups than in those D control group, but those were similar to control group. The levels of HDL cholesterol in serum was similar to all groups, but HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio were significantly increased in all(20 or 40%) TFD and TFSD groups than in those D control group. Liver triglyceride concentration of the all diabetic groups significantly decreased compared with the control group. Liver total cholesterol and phospholipid were not affected by TF and TFS feeding. The results indicated that tea fungus/kombucha beverage feeding improved the cholesterol, triglyceride and atherogenic index levels in diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.402-409
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Capsosiphon fulvescens (CF) extract on serum and liver lipid metabolism in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate to induce hypercholesterolemia and were divided into six groups. Experimental groups were administered with following diets; normal diet group (NC), high cholesterol diet group (HC), normal diet and CF extract (200 mg/kg) administered group (NC-CFL), normal diet and CF extract (400 mg/kg) administered group (NC-CFH), high cholesterol diet and CF extract (200 mg/kg) adwlinistered group (HC-CFL), and high cholesterol diet and CF extract (400 mg/kg) administered group (HC-CFH). The body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were increased by high cholesterol diet, but gradually decreased to the corresponding level of the normal diet group by administered CF extract. The serum total cholesterol concentration of normal diet group was significantly higher than those of NC-CFL group and NC-CFH group. The concentrations of serum total cholesterol LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride and the atherogenic index .were tended to decrease in the CF extract administered groups compared with the high cholesterol diet group. However, HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in serum decreased in the high cholesterol diet group and markedly increased by the CF extract administered groups. There were no differences in the concentrations of serum triglyceride, phopholipid, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and free cholesterol in normal diet groups. Concentrations of total cholesterol and triglyceride in liver and kidney were also markedly decreased in the CF administered groups. Total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of adipose tissue in the CF administered groups were also decreased compared with the high cholesterol diet group. In addition, there were no differences in the concentrations of liver, kidney and adipose tissue total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol in normal diet groups. The activities of heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and total-extractable LPL in adipose tissue were increased in the high cholesterol diet group compared with the CF extract administered groups, but those of the NC -CFL group and NC-CFH group were similar to the normal diet group. Taken together, it is suggested that the extract of CF have an antiatherosclerotic effect by reducing cholesterol level of serum and liver. Furthermore, the extract of CF decreased LPL activity and triglyceride concentration, resulting in less lipid storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of water extract from enzymic-treated Salicornia herbacea (Hamcho) on lipid metabolism in rats fed high cholesterol diet. Experimental rats were divided into six groups which were composed of normal diet group, normal and $2\%$ Hamcho extract diet group, high cholesterol diet group, high cholesterol and $1\%,\;2\%\;and\;4\%$ Hamcho extracts diet groups. Body weight gain and food efficiency ratio (FER) of the high cholesterol diet group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, while those of the high cholesterol and Hamcho extracts diet groups were decreased compared to the high cholesterol diet group. Food intake was not significantly different among all experimental groups, The serum TG content of the high cholesterol diet group was significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, but that of the high cholesterol and extracts diet group was significantly decreased in dose-dependent concentration. The liver TG, total lipid and total cholesterol contents of the high cholesterol diet group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, while those of the high cholesterol and $2\%\;or\;4\%$ Hamcho extracts diet groups were significantly decreased compared to the high cholesterol diet group. The serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol contents, and AI of the high cholesterol diet group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, while those of the high cholesterol and Hamcho extracts diet groups were decreased, and especially the high cholesterol and $4\%$ Hamcho extract diet group was significantly decreased compared to the high cholesterol diet group. Serum HDL-cholesterol contents of the high cholesterol diet group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group. These results suggest that supplementation of water extract from enzymic-treated Salicornia herbacea may have a pronounced impact on lipid metabolism of serum and liver in the rats fed high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.957-962
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• 2012

The principal objective of this study was to determine the effects of an ethanol extract of Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg (PMT) on body lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet for 5 weeks. The rats were divided into 6 groups: a control group (I), a cholesterol-control group (II), a control group treated with 0.5% PMT (III), a control group treated with 1% PMT (IV), a cholesterol-control treated with 0.5% PMT (V), and a cholesterol-control group treated with 1% PMT (VI). Body weight gains and food efficiency ratios were not significantly different among the groups. The levels of serum blood glucose and triglycerides of the treated animals significantly decreased compared to the control and the cholesterol-control groups (p<0.05). There was a clear tendency of decreased LDL-cholesterol level in PMT-treated animals compared to the cholesterol-control group. However, no significant differences were observed in the serum HDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels. In the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol to LDL-cholesterol concentration, both the 0.5% PMT and 1% PTM extract intake groups had a higher percentage than in the control and cholesterol-control groups (p<0.05). In addition, the atherosclerotic index in serum was significantly lower in the PMT intake group than those in the group control and the cholesterol-control. These results indicated that the PMT extract was effective on the improvement of lipid metabolism in SD rats.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2011

Five different composition UV-cured poly(urethane acrylate-co-acrylic acid) (PU-co-AA) films have been prepared by reacting isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI), polycaprolactone triol(PCLT), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate(HEA), and different weight ratio trimethylolpropane triacrylate(TMPTA) and acrylic acid(AA) as diluents, and characterized using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR). The adhesion properties onto the stainless steel, morphology, mechanical hardness, and electrical property of UV-cured PU-co-AA films were investigated as a function of acrylic acid(AA) content. All the PU-co-AA films are structure-less and the molecular ordering and packing density decreased with increasing content of AA due to the flexible structure and -COOH side chains in AA. The crosscut test showed that PU-co-AA films without AA and with low content of AA showed 0% adhesion(0B) and the adhesion of PU-co-AA films in the range of 40-50% AA increased dramatically as the content of AA increases. The pull-off measurements showed that the adhesion force of PU-co-AA films to stainless steel substrate varied from 6 to 31 kgf /$cm^2$ and increased linearly with increasing AA content. The mechanical hardness also decreased as the content of AA increases. This may come from relatively linear and flexible structure in AA and low crystallinity in PU-co-AA films with higher content of AA. The higher AA-containing PU-co-AA films showed higher dielectric constant due to the increase of polarization by introducing AA monomer. In conclusion, the physical properties of UV-cured PU-co-AA films are strongly dependent upon the content of AA and the incorporation of AA in polyurethane acrylate is very useful way to increase the adhesion strength of UV-curable polymers on the stainless steel substrate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.246-253
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• 1994

Four Quercus forests in Mt. Mohu were studied to investigate biomass, net production and effective biomass estimation method. Five $10m{\times}10m$ quadrats were set up, ten sample trees were cut and roots of three sample trees were excavated for dimension analysis in each forest. There was little difference in accuracy among three allometric biomass regression models of logWt=A+BlogD, $logWt=A+BlogD^2H$ and logWt=A+BlogD+ClogH, where Wt, D and H were dry weight, DBH and height, respectively. Analysis of covariance showed that there were no significant differences among slopes and intercepts of allometric biomass regressions, logWt=A+BlogD, of four Quercus species. Biomass of Q. acutissima, Q. nariabilis, Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were 164.0, 158.9, 115.3 and 118.9t/ha, respectively. Net production of Q. acutissima, Q. variabilis. Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were 25.0, 23.2, 14.5 and 12.6t/ha/yr., respectively. The proportion of roots to total biomass and total net production of Q. mongolica forest was higher than that of three other species forests. Net assimilation ratio of Q. acutissima, Q. variabilis, Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were 2.87, 2.80, 3.20 and 2.95, respectively. Relatively less leaf biomass of Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were the reason why total biomass and total net production of Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were less than those of Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis.