• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.127-132
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• 1993

Ten-week-old White Leghorn immature males and females were exposed to four lighting regimens: a constant light (12L : 12D); repeated up and slow down (13 min. up and 1 min. down per day for 13 consecutive days, and repeated on two-week cycle) lighting; repeated slow up and down (1 min. up per day for 13 consecutive days and 13 min. down, and repeated on two-week cycle) lighting; and step-up (14 min. up every second week) lighting. At 15 weeks of age, significantly larger testis and comb weights and significantly higher concentrations of plasma LH and testosterone were observed in the cockerels under the repeated slow up and down lighting regimen than those under the other lighting regimens. At 20 weeks of age, significantly larger oviduct weights and significantly higher concentrations of plasma estradiol were observed in the pullets under the repeated up and slow down, and the step-up lighting regimens than those under the other lighting regimens.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2004

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing earthworm meal (EWM) on the performance of spent laying hens after induced molting, and fatty acid composition in egg yolks. A total of 90 laying hens at 73 weeks of age were fed the experimental diets containing 0.0% (Control) and 0.2% of EWM for 4 weeks. Eggs were collected and weighted every day and Egg production and feed conversion were recorded every week during the experimental period. However fatty acid composition of egg yolk were measured at last week of experimental period. An amount of feed intake increased by supplemental with EMW except for Erst week experimental period (P<0.05). When 76 and 77 week of age, egg production and daily egg mass were improved by the supplemented with EWM (P<0.01), but average egg weight was not different when fed a EWM, therefore feed/egg mass was significantly decreased when fed a EWM. The ratio of egg yolk n-6/n-3 fatty acids contents was significantly improved fed a EMW (P<0.05). It is concluded that supplementing 0.2% of earthworm meal in the spent laying hens after induced molting was fast in recover of physical strength, therefore improves laying performance.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.535-545
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to identify predictive factors of physical activity in total hip arthroplasty patients, and to provide basic data for the developing physical activity promotion program for total hip arthroplasty patients. Design: Descriptive correlational research. Methods: Data were collected from August 2017 to May 2018. Surveys were distributed to 60 patients in a G university hospital located at J city, Gyeongsangnam-do. Data were analyzed by frequency, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, multiple regression analysis using SPSS 24 Win program. Results: The variables affecting the 4-week physical activity after discharge were age (β=.07), residence after discharge (β=-.22), cerebrovascular disease (β=-.13), mental and behavioural disease (β=-.11), taking antibiotic (β=-.26), walking ability (β=.41), nutritional status (β=.25), depression (β=.05). The eight variables accounted for 39.4% in the 4-week physical activity (F=4.49 p=.001). The variables affecting the 8-week physical activity after discharge were age (β=.06), waking ability (β=.34), nutritional status (β=.20), exercise self-efficacy (β=.05), depression (β=-.05). The six variables accounted for 28.0% in the 8-week physical activity (F=4.58, p<.001). Conclusions: The walking ability in discharge important to improve the physical activity, there is a need to develop an program to improve walking ability before discharge, in total hip arthroplasty. There is a need to develop a physical activity program to consistently participate in a community.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.107-113
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• 2012

Objective: To determine whether animal age impacts in vitro preantral follicle growth. Effects of hCG, stem cell factor (SCF), and/or insulin-like growth factor (IGF) supplementation in growth medium were also investigated. Methods: Intact preantral follicles were mechanically isolated from fresh ovaries of BDF1 mice and cultured in growth medium for 9 to 11 days. Surviving follicles with antrum formation were transferred to maturation medium for 14 to 18 hours. Follicle survival, antrum formation, and retrieval of metaphase II (MII) oocytes were compared among three age categories (4-5, 7-8, and 10-11 week-old). By using 7- to 8-week-old mice, preantral follicles were cultured in growth medium supplemented with hCG (0, 5, or 10 mIU/mL), SCF (50 ng/mL), IGF-1 (50 ng/mL), and SCF+IGF-1. Results: Seven- to eight-week-old mice showed a higher follicle survival and antrum formation and produced more MII oocytes compared to other groups. In the 7- to 8-week-old mice, supplementation of 5 mIU/mL hCG significantly enhanced the antrum formation but the percentage of MII oocytes was similar to that of the control. Supplementation of SCF+IGF-1 did not enhance follicle survival or antrum formation but the percentage of MII oocytes increased modestly (39.1%) than in the control (28.6%, p>0.05, statistically not significant). Conclusion: Seven- to eight-week-old mice showed better outcomes in growth of preantral follicles in vitro than 4- to 5- or 10- to 11-week-old mice. Supplementation of hCG enhanced antrum formation and supplementation of SCF+IGF-1 yielded more mature oocytes; hence, these should be considered in the growth of preantral follicles in vitro.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.15-33
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes of the mandible of a growing rat when they are subjected to a retractive force and those after removal of the retractive force. The experimental animals were Sprague-Dawley male rats of four weeks of age. A mandible was retracted with 50 grams of force on each side in the posterior and superior direction for 8 hours per day. The animals were sacrificed after 1 week, 2-week and 4-week force application, and after 4-week force application-4-week force removal period. The changes of rat mandibular growth following retractive force on the growing rat mandible were observed histologically and biometrically. The findings were as follows ; 1. Histologically, the thickness of the condylar cartilage was slightly reduced in the anterosuperior region with the retractive force. However, in the group of 4-week force application-4-week force removal, there was no significant difference in the thickness of the condylar cartilage. 2. There were no significant histological changes in the articular disk and glenoid fossa through the experimental period. 3. The length and anterior height of the mandible subjected to the retractive force were significantly smaller and greater than those of the control group. 4. There were no significant differences in the mandibular length between 4-week force application - 4-week force removal and the control group. 5. It was concluded that a mandibular retractive force produced inhibitory effects in the growth of the mandible, but that these effects were not sustained during mandibular growth in this experimental model.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2005

The number of reporting the effects on ginseng's physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral effects has been increased every year. Major active components of Panax ginseng, are the ginsenosides, which are mainly triterpenoid dammarane derivatives. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is blown to induce cellular energy deficit and oxidative stress related neurotoxicity via an irreversible inhibition of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Intraperitoneal injection of 3-NP produces striatal degeneration. Aged animals was more vulnerable to 3-NP than young animal. We used three different ages of 5-, 8-, and 26-week-old rats. 3-NP alone treatment induced striatal lesion and increased lesion volume with age-dependent manner in 5-, 8-, and 26-week-old rats by $30.2{\pm}5.8$, $v$, and $51.3{\pm}8.4mm^3$, respectively. However, pretreatment of GTS (100 mg/kg/day) before 3-NP reduced striatal lesion in 5-,8-, and 26-week-old rats by $3.15{\pm}6.1$, $8.89{\pm}1.9$, and $27.3{\pm}5.6mm^3$, respectively. Pretreatment of GTS also significantly increased survival rate in 5-week-old rats (3-NP alone: GTS +3-NP = $40.4{\pm}6.3$: $72.5{\pm}9.5\%$) than 8-week-old rats (3-NP alone: GTS + 3-NP : $13.5{\pm}5.2\%$ : $45.1{\pm}3.1\%$). In 26-week-old rats, 3-NP alone treated group died on day 18, whereas GTS +3-NP-treated group prolonged lifespan to 30 days. Thus, pretreatment of GTS before administration of 3-NP extended lifespan in all ages. The present results indicate that aged animals are more vulnerable to 3-NP and GTS pretreatment protected 3-NP-induced striatal damage in different ages of animals.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.244-253
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the growth performance indices among male commercial crossbred Korean native chickens from hatch to twelve weeks of age. A total of 312 one-day-old male birds were used for 6 groups of the commercial crossbred Korean native chicken within 1 paternal line and 6 maternal lines (1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, and 6A). The chickens were allocated to 24 battery cages to give 4 replicates per each crossbreed with 13 chickens per cage. Ad-libitum feeding was practiced throughout the experimental period and fresh water was available via nipple drinkers at all times. Body weight and feed intake were measured at two-week interval. Among six crossbreeds, the 2A group had the greatest (p < 0.05) body weight at week 8 and the greatest average daily weight gain in week 6 - 8. However, crossbreed 2A had the lowest viability (p < 0.05) at week 8 of all crossbreed groups as well as higher uniformity (p > 0.05) at week 2 than the others. No difference (p < 0.05) was found in any crossbreed Korean native chicken's growth performance indices including body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, uniformity, and viability after week 8. With this in mind, crossbreed 2A had greater bodyweight, average daily gain, average feed intake, and feed efficiency than the other Korean native chickens 84 days after hatch, although they had lower uniformity and viability than the others.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2009

The purpose of the present study was to examine effect of 12 week regular aerobic exercise on ST-segment and QTc interval in middle age type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The subjects consist of 13 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in middle age men and all of them had no other complications. Subjects participated in aerobic exercise training for 12 weeks. They started to exercise for $20{\sim}60$ min at $60{\sim}80%$ of $HR_{max}$, (exercise intensity has been increased gradually) per day, $3{\sim}5$ times a week. The results were compared before and after. Weight and BMI, % body fat, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, $_{peak}DBP$ were significantly decreased and $_{peak}HR$, $_{peak}VO_2$, exercisre time were significantly increased after 12 week aerobic exercise. Also, QTc interval and ST-segment were significantly decreased during at rest, peak exercise after 12 week aerobic exercise. Conclusionally, 12 week aerobic exercise may be improvement in decreased cardiovascular mortality factors (ST-segment) and abnormal autonomic dysfunction (QTc interval) and potentially increased exercise capacity.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.254-261
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week resistance training on muscle fatigue in men in their 50s and 30s. A total of 16 subjects (8 in their 30s and 8 in their 50s) were recruited, and moderate-intensity resistance exercise was conducted three times a week for eight weeks. EMG was measured before and after 8 week resistance training. Before 8 weeks exercise, MDF of pectoralis major significantly decreased in all groups, and MDF of triceps brachii significantly decreased only in the 30s group. After 8 weeks of exercise, MDF of pectoralis major significantly decreased in all groups, and MDF of triceps brachii significantly decreased only in the 30s group. The fatigue index before and after the 8-week exercise was changed only in the pectoralis major, and significantly decreased in the 30s group. As a result, the muscle fatigue level among the resistance exercises of men in their 50s may be similar to that of men in their 30s, and muscle fatigue can be reduced by 8 weeks of exercise.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.61 no.10
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• pp.315-321
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• 2018

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of transient intubation for surfactant administration and extubated to nasal continuous positive pressure (INSURE) for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and to identify the factors associated with INSURE failure in extremely premature infants. Methods: Eighty-four infants with gestational age less than 28 weeks treated with surfactant administration for RDS for 8 years were included. Perinatal and neonatal characteristics were retrospectively reviewed, and major pulmonary outcomes such as duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) plus death at 36-week postmenstrual age (PMA) were compared between INSURE (n=48) and prolonged MV groups (n=36). The factors associated with INSURE failure were determined. Results: Duration of MV and the occurrence of BPD at 36-week PMA were significantly lower in INSURE group than in prolonged MV group (P<0.05), but BPD plus death at 36-week PMA was not significantly different between the 2 groups. In a multivariate analysis, a reduced duration of MV was only significantly associated with INSURE (P=0.001). During the study period, duration of MV significantly decreased over time with an increasing rate of INSURE application (P<0.05), and BPD plus death at 36-week PMA also tended to decrease over time. A low arterial-alveolar oxygen tension ratio (a/APO2 ratio) was a significant predictor for INSURE failure (P=0.001). Conclusion: INSURE was the noninvasive ventilation strategy in the treatment of RDS to reduce MV duration in extremely premature infants with gestational age less than 28 weeks.