• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2024

Gas foil thrust bearings (GFTBs) are oil-free self-acting hydrodynamic bearings that support axial loads with a low friction during airborne operation. They need solid lubricants to reduce dry-friction between the runner and top foil and minimize local wears on their surfaces during start-up and shutdown processes. In this study, we evaluate the lift-off speeds and load capacity performance of a GFTB with Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface coating by measuring drag torques during a series of experimental tests at increasing ambient temperatures of 25, 75 and 110℃. An electric heat gun provides hot air to the test GFTB operating in the closed booth to increase the ambient temperature. Test results show that the increasing ambient temperature delays the lift-off speed and decreases the load capacity of the test GFTB. An early developed prediction tool well predicts the measured drag torques at 60 krpm. After all tests, post inspections of the surface coating of the top foil are conducted. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images imply that abrasive wear and oxidation wear are dominant during the tests at 25℃ and 110℃, respectively. A quantitative energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis reveals that the weight percentages of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen decrease, while that of fluorine increases significantly during the highest-temperature tests. The study demonstrates that the increasing ambient temperature noticeably deteriorates the static performances and degrades the surface coating of the test GFTB.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2018

Bearings are essential for reducing vibration and wear, in order to achieve high durability and increase longevity. White metal treatment of tilting pads via centrifugal casting method has the possibility of increasing durability. However, this manufacturing method has drawbacks such as long processing time, high defect rate, and harmful health effects. Laser cladding deposition technique is a powerful method that can address these issues by decreasing the processing time and providing good adhesion. In this study, we suggest optimum conditions for laser cladding deposition that can be used in industrial applications. We deposited a soft white metal layer on SCM440 that is primarily used in shafts to minimize wear of bearing pads. During the laser deposition process, we controlled factors such as laser power, powder feed rate, and laser head speed to determine the optimum conditions. In addition, we measured the hardness using micro Vickers, and performed field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and friction tests to investigate the mechanical properties and surface characteristics for different parameters. Based on the experimental results, we suggest that laser power, powder feed rate, and laser head speed of 1.3 kW, 2.5 rpm, and 10 mm/s, respectively, constitute the optimum conditions for producing white metals using laser cladding.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

소프트콘택트렌즈의 착용시간의 증가에 따른 소프트콘택트렌즈의 순간적인 움직임 변화를 알아보기 위하여 8종의 소프트콘택트렌즈를 안질환을 가지고 있지 않는 10명에게 착용시키고 초고속촬영기(FASTCAM ultima 1024)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 착용 15분 후에 순목으로 인한 각막에서의 움직임을 비교하였을 때, 8종의 소프트콘택트렌즈 모두 수직방향이 수평방향보다 약 2배 정도 더 많이 움직였으나, 그 정도는 렌즈에 따라 상이하였다. 순목시 소프트콘택트렌즈가 순간적으로 움직인 거리는 렌즈의 종류에 따라 차이가 있어 일일 착용렌즈인 A 렌즈, B 렌즈의 경우 다른 렌즈에 비해 움직임이 상대적으로 많았으며 통계적으로도 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다. 이러한 순목에 의한 순간적인 움직임은 8시간 동안 착용한 후에는 모든 렌즈에서 크게 감소하였다. 렌즈에 따라 수평방향은 24.6~60.0% 수준까지, 수직방향은 20.4~94.3% 수준까지 감소하였다. 상대적으로 함수율이 높은 A, B, C 렌즈에서 움직임의 감소가 컸다. 따라서 소프트콘택트렌즈를 착용함에 의해 움직임의 감소가 나타나고 이로 인하여 누액순환이 영향을 받을 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.214-219
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• 1997

미캐니컬 씰은 회전축에 장착되는 밀봉장치의 하나로써 많은 산업 현장에서 사용되고 있다. 산업발전과 더불어 미캐니컬 씰의 고장 즉, 밀봉장치에서의 누설, 크랙, 파손, 과대마멸 등과 같은 이상 상태는 대규모 공장의 생산라인을 정지시키거나 심각한 환경오염을 유발시키는 등 경제, 사회적 문제를 야기시키고 있다. 미캐니컬 씰 밀봉면의 미끄럼 운동상태를 인지하고, 미캐니컬 씰의 고장에 대한 감시인자를 도출하기 위하여 미끄럼 마멸실험을 수행하였다. 미캐니컬 씰의 회전속도를 1750 rpm 으로 하여, 매 10 분 마다 미캐니컬 씰 밀봉면의 마멸상태를 광학현미경으로 관찰하였고, 실험동안에 미캐니컬 씰의 미끄럼 운동면에서의 음향방출(AE : Acoustic Emission), 토크, 온도, 등을 측정하였으며, 실시간으로 토크 신호의 주파수 분석을 실시하였다. 각 실험의 초기를 제외하고는 전 구간에서 음향방출 신호의 크기와 토크 값의 변화 경향이 대체로 유사한 경향을 보였다. 정상상태에서는 음향방출, 토크 및 온도가 안정된 상태를 유지하였으나, 이상상태에서는 음향방출의 크기와 토크값이 안정된 상태를 유지하지 못하였으며, 온도는 이상상태 때 급상승하는 경향을 보였다. 토크 값과 온도의 변화가 미캐니컬 씰의 고장에 대한 장기적 감시인자로 적절하다고 생각되며, 미캐니컬 씰의 순간적인 이상상태를 확인하거나 미캐니컬 씰의 운동상태를 인지하는 데는 실효치 전압 상태의 음향방출 신호가 적당하다고 생각된다. 온도는 이상상태 감시 시스템에서 시스템의 신뢰도를 증진시키는 병렬요소로써 활용될 수 있을 것이다.장 큰 결합활성도(binding activity)를 나타내며, 또한 Hyphantria cunea와 같은 나비목의 다른 종의 lipophorin도 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 리포포린에 결합하는 수용체의 구조적 또는 기능적 요소는 같은 목내의 종간에 보존되는 것으로 생각된다.과 성충의 생존율은 온도에 따른 계통간 차이는 없었다. 내적자연증가율( $r_{m}$ )은 S계통이 $R_{L}$, $R_{F}$계통보다 $25^{\circ}C$에서는 낮았지만 2$0^{\circ}C$와 3$0^{\circ}C$에서는 높았다. 특히 3$0^{\circ}C$에서는 S계통이 현저히 높았다. 결론적으로 dicofol 저항성계통( $R_{L}$, $R_{F}$)은 저온(2$0^{\circ}C$)과 고온(3$0^{\circ}C$)에서 감수성계통에 비해 생물학적 적응력이 떨어질 것으로 생각된다.력이 떨어질 것으로 생각된다.력이 떨어질 것으로 생각된다.해도 될 것이다. 쐐기 투과율을 정하는 위치가 d$_{max}$ 나 공기중이라면 민조사변에 대한 출력계수를 적용할 수 있지만 다른 깊이에서는 쐐기필터 각각에 대한 출력계수를 또는 조사면크기에 따른 쐐기투과율을 적용해야 할 것이다. 39.2%가 이유 설명 후 사주지 않는 것으로 나타났으며 23.2%가 다음으로 미룬다, 무조건

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.6-13
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• 2012

HVOF thermal spray coating of 80%WC-CoFe powder is one of the most promising candidate for the replacement of the traditional hard chrome plating and hard ceramics coating because of the environmental problem of the very toxic $Cr^{6+}$ known as carcinogen by chrome plating and the brittleness of ceramics coatings. 80%WC-CoFe powder was coated by HVOF thermal spraying for the study of durability improvement of the high speed spindle such as air bearing spindle. The coating procedure was designed by the Taguchi program, including 4 parameters of hydrogen and oxygen flow rates, powder feed rate and spray distance. The surface properties of the 80%WC-CoFe powder coating were investigated roughness, hardness and porosity. The optimal condition for thermal spray has been ensured by the relationship between the spary parameters and the hardness of the coatings. The optimal coating process obtained by Taguchi program is the process of oxygen flow rate 34 FRM, hydrogen flow rate 57 FRM, powder feed rate 35 g/min and spray distance 8 inch. The coating cross-sectional structure was observed scanning electron microscope before chemical etching. Estimation of coating porosity was performed using metallugical image analysis. The Friction and wear behaviors of HVOF WC-CoFe coating prepared by OCP are investigated by reciprocating sliding wear test at $25^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$. Friction coefficients (FC) of coating decreases as sliding surface temperature increases from $25^{\circ}C$ to $450^{\circ}C$.

• 한국결정성장학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국결정성장학회 2000년도 Proceedings of 2000 International Nano Crystals/Ceramics Forum and International Symposium on Intermaterials
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• pp.195-214
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• 2000

The high-speed steel (shorten as HSS) consists of Fe and several kinds of transition metal carbides. The cutting tools or wear-resistant materials made from HSS experience relatively high thermal shock because a coolant such as water or oil is flowed over the surface of heated HSS. The purpose of this research is to increase the hardness, strength, fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance of HSS. A possible strategy is to incorporate a hard ceramic material with high strength in HSS matrix. This paper describes the processing, microstructure and mechanical properties of the oriented unidirectional mullite fiber/HSS composite. The unidirectional mullite fibers of 10${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ diameter were dispersed by the ultrasonic irradiation of 38 kHz in an ethylenglycol suspension containing HSS powder of 11${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ median size. The dried green composites with 4-68 vol% fibers were hot-pressed for 2h at 100$0^{\circ}C$ in Ar atmosphere under a pressure of 39 MPa. The higher density was achieved in the composite with a lower content of fibers. The oriented unidirectional fibers were well dispersed in the HSS matrix. The average distance between the center of fibers in the cross section was close to the value calculated from the fiber fraction. No reaction occurred at the interfaces between HSS and mullite fibers in the composites. The composite with 13.6 vol% fibers showed 100 MPa of four point flexural strength at room temperature. The thermal expansion of composite with heating was influenced by the orientation of mullite fibers.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.250-258
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• 2014

Due to recent industrial growth and development, there has been a high demand for light and highly durable materials. Therefore, a variety of new materials has been developed. These new materials include carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP or CRP), which is a wear-, fatigue-, heat-, and corrosion-resistant material. Because of its advantageous properties, CFRP is widely used in diverse fields including sporting goods, electronic parts, and medical supplies, as well as aerospace, automobile, and ship materials. However, this new material has several problems, such as delamination around the inlet and outlet holes at drilling, fiber separation, and tearing on the drilled surface. Moreover, drill chips having a fine particulate shape are harmful to the work environment and engineers' health. In fact, they deeply penetrate into machine tools, causing the reduction of lifespan and performance degradation. In this study, CFRP woven and unidirectional prepregs were formed at $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, respectively, in terms of orientation angle. Using a high-speed steel drill and a TiAIN-coated drill, the two materials were tested in three categories: cutting force with respect to RPM and feed speed; shape changes around the input and outlet holes; and the shape of drill chips.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2011

Minimizing the cylinder wear and the consumption rate of cylinder oil in a large two-stroke diesel engine is of great economic importance. A motor-driven cylinder lubricator for Sulzer RT-flex large two-stroke diesel engines developed by authors is in need of mounting a quill system to lubricate cylinder parts for smoother operation. In order to apply the common-rail lubricating system to the developed cylinder lubricator as the second research stage, the quill system with a progressively quantitative distributor is improved in the electronically controlled quill system with an accumulating distributor. In this study, the effects of lubricator motor speed, plunger stroke and cylinder back pressure on oil feed rate, maximum discharge and delivery pressures are experimentally investigated by using the electronically controlled quill system with an accumulating distributor in the developed cylinder lubricator. It is found that the oil feed rate of the electronically controlled quill system with an accumulating distributor is larger than that of the quill system with a progressively quantitative distributor because of the increase of delivery speed and volume by changing the location of accumulator in the same experimental condition.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

Minimizing the cylinder wear and the consumption rate of cylinder oil in a large two-stroke marine diesel engine is of great economic importance. In Korea, authors first developed a motor-driven cylinder lubricator for a Wartsila Switzerland large two-stroke diesel engine. The characteristic of the developed product is that can control automatically the oil feed rate with a load fluctuation by the motor drive and the offset cam. For manufacturing the reliable and useful products, however, it is necessary to investigate further characteristics and to improve performances as a cylinder lubricator. In this study, the effects of pump motor speed, plunger stroke and cylinder back pressure on oil feed rate, maximum discharge and delivery pressures are experimentally investigated by using the electronically controlled quill injection system and distributer in the developed cylinder lubricator. It is found that the oil feed rates of electronic control and mechanical type quills with the in-cylinder back pressure are differently characterized by the role of accumulator, the viscous resistance of contact area, etc. It can be also shown that the maximum discharge pressure of the electronic control quill is lower than the mechanical type one but the maximum discharge pressure difference of two types decreased as plunger stroke is small, and the maximum delivery pressures of two types increased as plunger stroke, motor speed and back pressure are elevated but the maximum delivery pressure of mechanical type is higher than the one of electronic control type.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2012

In this paper, we investigated the friction characteristics of $W100^{\circ}{\o}L25m$ ellipse type surface pattern, on bearing steel. These characteristics are researched by utilizing a pin-on-disk wear test machine, under various velocities and other conditions. The reduction of friction is a necessary requirement for the improved efficiency of industrial parts. As the speed increases, there is a decrease in the effect of the dimple of friction characteristic in low velocity, with substantially little change to density. Conversely, as the load increases, the test direction of ellipse type dimple pattern, resulting in a difference in the texture of these two components. At a dimple density of 7.5% the friction characteristic is easily demonstrated, with a consistent change in both speed and load.