• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.216-227
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• 2007

Statement of problem: For the long-term success of removable partial dentures, the bonding between metal framework and denture base resin is one of the important factors. To improve bonding between those, macro-mechanical retentive form that is included metal framework design has been generally used. However it has been known that sealing at the interface between metal framework and denture base resin is very weak, because this method uses mechanical bonding. Purpose: Many studies has been made to find a simple method which induces chemical bond, now various bonding system is applied to clinic. In this experiment, shear bond strengths of heat-cured denture base resin to the surface-treated Co-Cr alloy were measured before and after thermocycling. Chemically treated groups with Alloy $Primer^{TM}$, Super-Bond $C&B^{TM}$, and tribochemically treated group with $Rocatec^{TM}$ system were compared to the beadtreated control group. The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA. Result: 1. Shear bond strength of bead-treated group is highest, and Alloy $Primer^{TM}$ treated group, Super-Bond $C&B^{TM}$ treated group, RocatecTM system treated group were followed. Statistically significant differences were found in each treated group(p<0.05). 2. Surface treatment and thermocycling affected shear bond strength(p<0.05), however there was no interaction between two factors(p>0.05). 3. Shear bond strengths of bead-treated group and Alloy $Primer^{TM}$ treated group showed no statistically significant difference before and after thermocycling(p>0.05), and those of Super-Bond $C&B^{TM}$ treated group and $Rocatec^{TM}$ system treated group showed statistically significant difference after thermocycling(p<0.05).

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.189-198
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• 2004

User interlace comes out from the combination of various school systems. It may be a strong point but could be a weak point, as the characteristics and peculiarity of specific school system cannot be well reflected. Therefore, the study aims to find the oughtness of developing the user interface system on which the characteristics and peculiarity of design area are reflected, and to find the necessary features and viewpoint in development. To make this, this study examines the relationship of human and target, and technical form and meaning of the relationship regarding the user interface, and analyzes the similarity and difference through the design comparison. In addition, this study looks the background for the introduction of user interface in design area and analyzes the cause to study the relationship between the design and user interface. Consequently, the concept and system of the user interface can be included in the broad sense of design, but has not been developed into the appropriate system for the characteristics of design. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the concept, method and knowledge considering the characteristics of design upon concept interpretation and development process.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.328-333
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was to investigate the correlation between pain, disability and quality of life among adolescents and office workers with neck and shoulder pain. Methods: Twenty-four subjects (mean age=24.92 years, SD=3.94, range=20-37) with neck and shoulder pain participated in this study. The outcome measures of the study were visual analogue scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), short form-36 (SF-36) for neck and shoulder pain and disability, quality of life. Pearson's correlation and Speaman's rank correlation were used to measure the association between VAS and NDI, SPADI, SF-36. Results: The VAS showed a positive correlation between weak to moderate with the NDI and SPADI, but no significantly correlated (${\rho}=0.34$, ${\rho}=0.25$). The moderate positive correlation and significant correlation were observed between NDI and SPADI (${\rho}=0.43$, p<0.05). The PCS of SF-36 was significantly negative correlated with the VAS (${\rho}=-0.24$), NDI and SPADI (${\rho}=-0.63$, ${\rho}=-0.59$, p<0.05). Conclusion: The pain and disability of neck and shoulder has closely relevance. And, the pain and disability of neck and shoulder has a negative impact on the quality of life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.5 no.1 s.12
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• pp.78-86
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• 2007

One of the latest social trends is to reappear old things under the banner of the revival. It is easily found in the fashion industry because Fashion is not divided into the past, the present and the future thing but coexisting through all ages. The purpose of this study was to pursue the healthy and characteristic beauty of the modem people by understanding the beauty culture of the ancient. The Middle ages were mainly classified into Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic by historical and cultural factors. In the Byzantine age, the clothing with rich silhouette was worn by the influence of the abstemious religion and it didn't express a specific proportion of human body. The people covered their hair with turbans and veils for the period. The Romanesque era was affected by the religious idealism and the Greek-Roman culture. The ideal proportion of human body could be 8 heads high and the clothes expressing natural silhouette of human body came out. Depending on the feel of the flowing texture, long-braided hair was typical in that time, and also wearing kinds of head dress as personal ornaments was characteristic in the age. In the period of Gothic, the long and weak human body was emphasized. The ideal proportion of human body could be figured with 8.5 heads high and it was expressed with the form of artificial and vertical silhouette such like tight-fitting upper garments, gathered skirts and long hats.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 1992

Cloud streets were successfully simulated by numerical model (RAMS) including an Isolated mountain near the coast, large sensible heat flux from the sea surface, uniform stratification and wind velocity with low Froude number (0.25) in the inflow boundary The well developed cloud streets between a pair of convective rolls are simulated at a level of 1 km over the sea. The following five results were obtained: 1) port the formation of the pair of convective rolls, both strong static instability and a topographically induced mechanical disturbance are strongly required at the same time. 2) Strong sensible heat flux from the sea surface is the main energy source of the pair of convective rolls, and the buoyancy caused by condensation in the cloud is negligibly small. 3) The pair o( convective rolls is a complex of two sub-rolls. One is the outer roll, which has a large radius, but weak circulation, and the other is the inner roll, which has a small radius, but strong circulation. The outer roll gathers a large amount of moisture by convergence in the lower marine boundary, and the inner roll transfers the convergent moisture to the upper boundary layer by strong upward motion between them. 4) The pair of inner rolls form the line-shaped cloud streets, and keep them narrow along the center-line of the domain. 5) Both by non-hydrostatic and by hydrostatic assumptions, cloud streets can be simulated. In our case, non-hydrostatic processes enhanced somewhat the formation of cloud streets. The horizontal size of the topography does not seem to be restricted to within the small scale where non-hydrostatic effects are important.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2014

Objectives: Chrysotile is mineralogically distinct from amphiboles, displaying a notably different chemical structure. The thin sheets that form chrysotile fiber lead to the ability of the lung/macrophage system to decompose the chrysotile fibers. This study was performed in order to compare the physicochemical characteristics of Korean asbestos with those of Canadian amphiboles. Materials: An acid solubility test for each test substance was done to compare pH 4.5 and pH 1.2 distilled water. Asbestos fibers which had been placed in acid solutions for five days, five weeks and weeks were analyzed with a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (TEM-EDS). Results: The composition element (Mg) of Korean chrysotile, Korean anthophyllite and Canadian amosite significantly decreased from 5 days and also decreased significantly after 5 weeks and 10 weeks. Only the composition (Mg) of Canadian crocidolite did not change under any conditions. From 5 days, the Mg of Korean chrysotile, Korean anthophyllite and Canadian amosite were significantly lower than before the acid treatment, but there were no changes over time or by the pH of the acid solutions. Particularly after 10 weeks, the composition (Mg) of Korean chrysotile in the pH 1.2 acid solution showed a rapid reduction of 15.86%. Conclusions: Korean chrysotile was very weak in an acid environment, beginning to show significant changes after 5 days. The Mg component rapidly decreased after 10 weeks in the pH 1.2 acid solution.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2013

Environmental medicine has interest in the effect of natural environment on the human health. Nature is usually understoodas' sky(天)' and 'earth(地)' which implies the harmony of humankind and nature(天地相應). As can be shown above, environment concept is the basic in Korean Medicine which originate in "Huangdi's Internal Classic" as clear medical form. According to "Huangdi's Internal Classic" man ought to abide by the nurturing 'Tao(道)' which is the way of life. This can be explained as the principle of balance, specially of yin(陰) and yang(陽) as is represented by the transformation of the energies from the universe. Life through the four seasons is also referred in the classic upon when four different climates have some effect on people, and the regional effect on health is also written there. Under the strict modem view, the achievement of the classic in the field of environmental medicine may be treated as primitive, but it was induced through long-term observation, so that once was state-of-the-art result at that time. But to solve the intrinsic weak points in traditional environmental medicine and also to harmonize with modern science to contribute to national health, the way of modem research can be applied to traditional concept on environmental medicine. Natural scientific approach is to avoid superstition and incantation. Strict method approach is to enhance accuracy and reliance in clinical observation. Overall, predictability can help develop the effectiveness and efficiency of diagnosis, treatment, recurrence, and prevention in environmental disease with holy method of Korean Medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.117-130
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• 2007

Incheon International Airport has handled 3,054,485 transfer passengers (11.9% transfer rate) and 950,441 transfer cargo(44.2% transfer rate)recorded in 2005. Comparing to 30-40% transfer passenger rate which are competition hub airports in northeast Asia, transfer passenger rate of Incheon International Airport is lower. Above all, We think that Minimum Connecting Time(MCT) which is relating factors with transfer rate need to be monitored to make up for the weak points in the current Incheon internationalairport system. Minimum Connecting Time is defined the legally minimum time necessary to change planes at a given airport. and Transfers represent 35% of the total passenger volume at Vienna International Airport in Europe, which underscores our function as a major international hub. Vienna is rated priority in reservation systems because of our excellent minimum connecting time, and that increases the sale of tickets through our airport. In 2004 the total number of transfer passengers rose 18% to 5,089,624. Short routes, a one roof concept and an outstanding logistics system make Vienna an ideal airport for transfers. This transfer-friendly one roof concept will also form the basis for the new VlE-Skylink Terminal. In case of Japan, Star Alliance has also implemented its so called "Move under one roof"concept at the new Centrair airport. All member carriers are located in the same part of the termina1, sharing check-in counters and ticketing facilities. Star Alliance member carriers can now offer customersa reduced average minimum connecting time of one hour, for transfers between international and domestic. The research purpose of the Study on the Enhancement for Minimum Connecting Time of Incheon International Airport is to increase transfer rate of passenger and cargo of Incheon International Airport at Northeast Asia through this paper.

• Atmosphere
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

The angular momentum transport of an idealized axisymmetric vortex in the developing stage was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. The balanced axisymmetric vortex was constructed based on an empirical function for tangential wind, and the temperature, geopotential, and surface pressure were obtained from the balanced equation. The numerical simulation was carried out for 6 days on the f-plane with the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) set as constant. The weak vortex at initial time was intensified with time, and reached the strength of tropical cyclone in a couple of days. The Absolute Angular Momentum (AAM) was transported along with the secondary circulation of the vortex. Total AAM integrated over a cylinder of radius of 2000 km decreased with simulation time, but total kinetic energy increased rapidly. From the budget analysis, it was found that the surface friction is mainly responsible for the decrease of total AAM. Also, contribution of the surface friction to the AAM loss was about 90% while that of horizontal advection was as small as 8%. The trajectory of neutral numerical tracers following the secondary circulation was presented for the Lagrangian viewpoint of the transports of absolute angular momentum. From the analysis using the trajectory of tracers it was found that the air parcel was under the influence of the surface friction continuously until it leaves the boundary layer near the core. Then the air parcel with reduced amount of angular momentum compared to its original amount was transported from boundary layer to upper level of the vortex and contributed to form the anti-cyclone. These results suggest that the tropical cyclone loses angular momentum as it develops, which is due to the dissipation of angular momentum by the surface friction.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.751-774
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• 2008

In this paper, we examine the institutional prices differences in the electricity and natural gas industries using unbalanced panel data from 1999 to 2001. The changing market structures following deregulation in both markets allow us to examine the institutional prices differences by ownership type, market structure and merger activities. Estimating the reduced form, after controlling both intrinsic characteristic (marginal costs) and external factors (demand), allows us to identify the extent to which specific factors are correlated with the price. Furthermore it allows us to identify systematic institutional price differences in both electricity and natural gas markets. Our estimation results suggest that the private firms in electricity markets are associated with higher prices than public firms after controlling for demand and cost. We further find that dual-product firms in the natural gas industry and the electricity industry are associated with lower rates than single product firms. These results provide a weak evidence of economies of scope in the dual-product firms. Our results finally suggest that merger activities in natural gas markets are associated with higher rates.