• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2014

To investigate the solute pattern of salt marsh plants in Suncheon Bay in Korea, plants and soil samples were collected at three sites from July to September 2011. The soil pH around the investigated species was weakly alkaline, 6.9-8.1. The total ion and Cl- content of site 1 gradually increased, while those of site 2 and site 3 were lowest in August and highest in September. The exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $K^+$ in the soil were relatively constant during the study period, but the soil exchangeable $Na^+$ content was variable. Carex scabrifolia and Phragmites communis had constant leaf water content and very high concentrations of soluble carbohydrates during the study period. However, Suaeda malacosperma and S. japonica had high leaf water content and constant very low soluble carbohydrate concentrations. Carex scabrifolia accumulated similar amounts of $Na^+$ and $K^+$ ions in its leaves. Phragmites communis contained a high concentration of $K^+$ ions. Suada japonica and S. malacosperma had more $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ ions than $K^+$ ions in their leaves. Suaeda japonica had higher levels of glycine betaine in its leaves under saline conditions than C. scabrifolia and P. communis. Consequently, the physiological characteristics of salt marsh chenopodiaceous plants (S. japonica and S. malacosperma) were the high storage capacity for inorganic ions (especially alkali cations and chloride) and accumulation of glycine betaine, but monocotyledonous plant species (C. scabrifolia and P. communis) showed high $K^+$concentrations, efficient regulation of ionic uptake, and accumulation of soluble carbohydrates. These characteristics might enable salt marsh plants to grow in saline habitats.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2010

Intensive measurements of airborne respirable $PM_{2.5}$ and inhalable $PM_{2.5}$ were conducted in the downtown area of Iksan city. The $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected twice a day in the Iksan city of Korea from October 17 to November 1, 2004. The purpose of the study was to determine the inorganic water-soluble components and trace elements of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in the atmospheric environment and estimate the contribution rate of major chemical components from a mass balance of all measured particulate species. The chemical analysis for PM samples was conducted for water-soluble inorganic ions using ion chromatography and trace elements using PIXE analysis. The mean concentrations of respirable $PM_{2.5}$ and inhalable $PM_{2.5}$ were $51.4{\pm}29.7$ and $79.5{\pm}39.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the ratio was 0.62. The ion species of $NO_3$, $SO_4^2$, and $NH_4^+$ were abundant in both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. These components predominated in respirable $PM_{2.5}$ fraction, while $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ mostly existed in coarse particle mode. Elemental components of S, Cl, K, and Si were abundant in both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. These elements, except for Si, were considered to be emitted from anthropogenic sources, while Si, Al, Fe, Ca existed mainly in coarse particle mode and were considered to be emitted from crustal materials. The averaged mass balance analysis showed that ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, crustal component, and other trace elements were composed of 18.4%, 13.2%, 4.8%, 3.5% for PM2.5 and 17.0%, 11.6%, 13.7%, 4.4% for $PM_{2.5}$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.520-529
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• 2015

The ambient $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected by $PM_{2.5}$ sampler from September 2010 to December 2012 at Daegu University, Gyeongsan. A total of 260 samples were collected and 27 species were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma, ion chromatography, and thermal optical reflectance methods. Factor analysis identified four sources such as biomass burning source/secondary aerosol source, soil source, industry source, and incinerator source/mobile source. Also, backward trajectories were calculated using HYSPLIT 4 (Hybrid single-particle lagrangian integrated trajectory) model and PSCF (Potential source contribution function) model was applied to identify the possible source locations of carbonaceous species and water soluble ions species. PSCF results showed that the possible source locations of most chemical constituents measured in Gyeongsan were the industrial areas in the eastern coast of China, northeast regions of China, the Gobi Desert, and east sea of Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2012

To investigate the environmental adaptation and ecophysiological characteristics of Suaeda maritima and S. asparagoides under saline conditions, plant growth and density were analyzed according to environmental changes of habitats. The total ion content of soil decreased with time, which was caused by the predominance of exchangeable $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ in the upper layers. The population of S. maritima was more densely distributed in the region with higher ion contents of $Cl^-$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$ and $Na^+$ than the population of S. asparagoides. Both species were showed a decreased population density according to increases in plant growth. Under the conditions of a salt field, S. maritima and S. asparagoides contained high inorganic ions to maintain low water potential, but low water soluble carbohydrate contents. In the case of free amino acid, S. maritima showed an especially high proline content, and contained rather large amounts of free amino acids, whereas S. asparagoides did not. Both species showed high inorganic ion contents in the leaves, which might be a mechanism of avoiding the ionic toxicity by diluting the accumulated ionic concentration with a high ratio of water content to dry weight. This result suggests that S. maritima seems to adapt to saline conditions by accumulating proline in addition to inorganic ions. S. asparagoides seems to adapt by osmoregulation processes, using inorganic ions rather than free amino acids.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.400-401
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• 2003

Atmospheric fine aerosol particles play an important role in controlling a number of atmospheric processes, such as the deposition of different compounds, the optical properties etc. (Molnar et al., 1999). In this report, water-soluble species of PM$_{2.5}$ obtained from simultaneous measurements at four Asia sites (Beijng (39.56$^{\circ}$N, 116.17$^{\circ}$E), China; Gwangju (35.10$^{\circ}$N, 126.53$^{\circ}$E), South Korea; Kyoto (35.01$^{\circ}$N, 135.44$^{\circ}$E), Japan; and Ulan-Bator (47.55$^{\circ}$N, 106.52$^{\circ}$E), Mongolia) during the periods of 14-22 August, 30 October-06 November 2000, 14-21 January 2001, 23 July-02 August and 05-16 November 2002, within the framework of an APN (The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research) project are reported. Ion components in 23 July-02 August 2002 were not obtained because of the technical problem of equipments.s.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.297-305
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• 1996

Aerosol measurements were carried out at Kosan, Cheju Island, Korea for the period from July 20 to August 10, 1994. Total suspended particles were collected by high volume samplers and PM 2.5 particles with gaseous volatile species were collected by a filter pack sampler and their ionic composition are analyzed. The average mass concentration of PM 2.5 particles was comparable to that of PM 3 particles collected during March, 1994 at the same site but the average non sea-salt sulfate concentration was higher that that of PM 3 particles, implying the fraction of anthropogenic air apllutants during this period is higher than that during March, 1994. During the measurement period, two distincitive patterns were observed, high concentrations of mass and water soluble ions were observed between July 20 and August 1 while those during after August 2 were low. Back trajectory analysis results show that air masses arriving at Kosan during the earlier period were mainly from Korea and Japan while those during the later period were from the North Pacific Ocean. It is suggested that the particle ion concentrations during the later period are marine background concentrations at Kosan during the summertime.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1992

Antibacterial activity of the water-soluble portion of Ulmus pzcmila L. extract against 10 bacterial species was studied by both cylinder plate dilution method and broth dilution test tube method. Inhibitory effect of the extract on the bacteria was also investigated by plotting bacterial survival at various concentration of the extract. The crude extract exhibited antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacterial species with exception of K pneurnoniae. The fractions of the extract prepared by CM Sephadex-C 50 ion exchange chromatography were also subjected to test the antibacterial activity, and the activity was studied after autoclaving for 20 minutes.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 1995

This study was carried out to characterize sources of suspended particulate matter(SPM) in Mt. Soback area from January to Novembver in 1993. The collection and major water soluble ion analysis of SPM were conducted by using a High Volumn Air Sampler(HVAS; W&A Inc., PM-10) and ion chromatograph(DIONEX 4000i), respectively. The variations of SPM and major ion concentrations were found to be 9. sim. 156.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, $F^{-10}$ 0.00 .sim. 0.15.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, C $l^{-10}$ 0.06 .sim. 3.79.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, N $O_{3}$$^{-10}$ 0.90 .sim. 6.85.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ 1.99 .sim. 9.36.mu.g/ $m^{3}$ N $a^{+}$0.00 .sim. 0.27.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, N $H_{4}$ $^{+}$0.72 .sim. 5.77.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, $k^{+}$0.03 .sim. 0.88.mu.g/ $m^{3}$ and $Ca^{2+}$0.12 .sim. 2.76.mu.g/ $m^{3}$. Tree sources were identified by Principal Component Amalysis(PCA) using a SPSS/P $C^{+}$. The explanation ability of forst, second and third Principal Component were 60.8%, 13.6%, 8.2%, of total variance. The sources classfied by PCA were found to be secondary aerosol/fuel combustion, soil dust related cement production/yellow sand and aerosol related waste burning.related waste burning.g.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.E1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2005

Size distribution of particulate water-soluble ion components was measured at Gosan, Korea using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). Sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate showed peaks in three size ranges; Sulfate and ammonium were of dominant species measured in the fine mode ($D_{p} < 1.8 {\mu}m$). One peak was observed in the condensation mode ($0.218\sim0.532{\mu}m$), and the other peak was obtained in the droplet mode ($0.532\sim1.8{\mu}m$). Considering the fact that the equivalent ratios of ammonium to sulfate ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 in these size ranges, it is inferred that they formed sufficiently neutralized compounds such as ($NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4} and (NH_{4})_{3}H(SO_{4})_{2}$ during the long-range transport of anthropogenic pollutants. On the other hand, nitrate was distributed mainly in the coarse mode ($3.1\sim6.2{\mu}m$) combined with soil and sea salt. Two sets of MOUDI samples were collected in each season. One sample was collected when the concentrations of criteria air pollutants were relatively high, but the other represented relatively clean air quality. The concentrations of sulfate and ammonium particles in droplet mode were the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. When the air quality was bad, the increase of nitrate was observed in the condensation mode ($0.218\sim0.282{\mu}m$). It thus suggests that the nitrate particles were produced through gas phase reaction of nitric acid with ammonia. Chloride depletion was remarkably high in summer due to the high temperature and relative humidity.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 2011

The seasonal characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were evaluated through the measurement of $PM_{10}$ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 ${\mu}m$) and $PM_{2.5}$ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 ${\mu}m$) collected in the downtown area of Iksan city over roughly two weeks in each season of 2004. During the sampling period, 54 samples of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were collected and then measured for mass concentrations of PM and its water-soluble inorganic ion species. The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were highly variable on a daily time scale in all seasons, especially in fall. Annual concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were $54.7{\pm}21.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $34.0{\pm}13.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The daily concentrations of the analyzed ions similarly showed a pronounced variation, although a difference between seasons existed. Among them, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ were the most abundant ions in all seasons, contributing up to 32% of $PM_{10}$ and 39% of $PM_{2.5}$. The contribution of $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ showed a seasonal variation, as $SO_4^{2-}$ was the highest during spring and summer and $NO_3^-$ was the highest during fall and winter. Non-seasalt $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were found to exist mainly as neutralized chemical components of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$ due to the high concentration of $NH_4^+$ in PM samples, which were a major form of airborne PM in all seasons. Seasonal characteristics of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Iksan were described in relation to the temporal variations of daily concentration of PM and its inorganic ion species including inter-particle reactions.