• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.65-84
• /
• 2001

We recently demonstrated that bee venom (BV) injection into acupoint (i.e. Zusanli) produced more potent anti-inflammatory and antinociciptive effect in Freunds adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model as compared with that of non-acupoint injection(i.e back). However, the precise components underlying BV-induced antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory effects have not been fully understood. Therefore, we further investigated the anti-arthritic effect of BV after extracting the whole BV according to solubility (water soluble: BVA, ethylacetate soluble: BVE). Subcutaneous BVA treatment (0.9 mg/kg/day) into Zusanli acupoint was found to dramatically inhibit paw edema and radiological change (i.e. new bone proliferation and soft tissue swelling) caused by Freunds adjuvant injection. In addition, the increase of serum interleukin-6 by RA induction was normalized by the BVA treatment as similar with that of non-arthritic animals. On the other hand, BVA therapy significantly reduced arthritis induced nociceptive behaviors (i.e., nociceptive score for mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia). Furthermore, BVA treatment significantly suppressed adjuvant induced Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord at 3 weeks post-adjuvant injection. However, BVE treatment (0.05 mg/kg/day) has not any anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect on RA. Based on the present results, we demonstrated that BVA might be a effective fraction in whole BV for long-term treatment of RA-induced pain and inflammation. However, it is clear necessary that further fraction study about BVA was required for elucidating an effective component of BVA.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.15-23
• /
• 2016

Gelatin soft capsules, manufactured by the press through package(PTP) process, are widely used in the production of multivitamin dietary supplements and other health functional foods. Gelatin capsules can prevent light and air from having a direct contact with the contents in the capsule, and the nutrients inside the capsules are preserved without any loss. In the present study, on the basis of the results on the safety of gelatin capsules. The parameters investigated included degradation of the capsules before their shelf life, capsule deformation, and changes in specific nutrients. Moisture and heat in the production and storage environments of the capsules caused the gelatin to swell and attach some of the inorganic salts in the vitamin contents. Nutritional component analysis showed that B1, B5, B9, and B12 contents were decreased, while mineral elemental analysis shown calcium, chloride, and zinc compound were found to be infused into the gelatin of the capsule shell.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.53-58
• /
• 2017

In this study, to overcome a complicated shoe adhesion process such as buffing, pre-treatment by primer in the rubber component of the shoe, we studied adhesion and mechanical properties with rubber compound added $MgCl_2$. We determined adhesion properties of $MgCl_2$ content. Especially, the rubber containing $MgCl_2$ exhibited good adhesion properties to water-based adhesion. Since $MgCl_2$ is a water-soluble salt, it was judged that this phenomenon occurred. The results are confirmed by contact angle and surface morphology measurement. In addition, in the case of rubber compound added $MgCl_2$, the crosslinking efficiency was increased and the NBS resistance was increased.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.159-167
• /
• 2017

In this study, quality characteristics of yakju fermented with byeo-nuruk prepared using rice, wheat, and water were investigated. Five different mixture ratios were considered for byeo-nuruk preparation. A comparative analysis of commercial yakju and byeo-nuruk yakju was also performed. The results showed no significant differences in pH, total acidity, and total soluble solids of byeo-nuruk yakju immediately following fermentation. The byeo-nuruk yakju alcohol content increased with increasing wheat proportion. Lactic and succinic acid were the major organic acids of byeo-nuruk yakju, and the major volatile components were isoamyl alcohol and linalool. Yakju prepared using material D had the highest volatile component content and high preference evaluation scores for taste and overall acceptability. Compared to commercial yakju, byeo-nuruk yakju had less total acidity, soluble solids, and volatile acids, whereas its pH level and amino acid content were higher. No significant differences were observed between commercial yakju and byeo-nuruk yakju in terms of sensory evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.36 no.6_3
• /
• pp.1733-1741
• /
• 2020

This study analyzed the effect of meteorological factors on the concentration of PM10 (particulate matter 10) in the atmosphere and the variation of rainwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis. The concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere was continuously measured during eleven precipitation events with a custom-built PM sensor node. A total of 183 rainwater samples were analyzed for pH, EC (electrical conductivity), and water-soluble cations (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, NH4+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-). The data has been analyzed using two multivariate statistical techniques (principal component analysis, PCA, and Pearson correlation analysis) to identify relationships among PM10 concentrations in the atmosphere, meteorological factors, and rainwater quality factors. When the rainfall intensity was relatively strong (> 5 mm/h, rainfall type 1), the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere showed a negative correlation (r = -0.55, p < 0.05) with cumulative rainfall. The PM10 concentration increased the concentration of water-soluble ions (r = 0.25) and EC (r = 0.4), and decreased the pH (r = -0.7) of rainwater samples. However, for rainfall type 2 (< 5 mm/h), there was no negative correlation between the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere and cumulative rainfall and no statistically significant correlation between the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere and rainwater quality.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.943-951
• /
• 2006

Spatial distribution of water pollution in the Gap Stream was investigated from October to November, 2005. Sampling was conducted three times including effluents discharged from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a dam reservoir during the low-flow period. As a typical urban stream, total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen concentrations increased toward downstream. Ammonia concentration was the highest in the treated water of the wastewater treatment plant and the lowest nitrate concentration was found in the effluent of the dam reservoir. A part of soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP) in total phosphorous was 22~54% in the upstream reach of WWTP in the Gap Stream whereas 68~73% in the downstream reach. Mean chlorophyll-a concentration ranged from 1.6 to $11.0{\mu}g/L$ and it tends to increase toward downstream except for WWTP effluent. As expected, untreated wastewater and WWTP effluent were suggested as the major sources of water pollution in the Gap Stream. In this study, the water pollution of the Gap Stream is a significant undergoing typical eutrophication, caused by excessive phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients from WWTP located in the watershed. As a result, the critical factor for the water pollution was evaluated to dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Particularly, SRP is a most important for the eutrophication. It suggest that may occur in the most urban streams of Korean peninsula. Therefore, because the necessity of water pollution management in the urban stream, inorganic N and P nutrients should be included as an essential component of water quality criteria in the advanced water quality project of Korean Government by enforcing of water quality assessment and total maximum daily loads (TMDLs).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.145-150
• /
• 1985

This study was conducted to examine the pharmacological effect of water soluble extract of Lichens (Parmelia, Physcia and Cladonia species) on liver-damaged rat by $CCl_4$ injection. Rat livers were damaged acutely and chronically by one-time injection of $CCl_4$ just prior to five days of experimental period and continuous injections in every three days for eight weeks of experimental period, respectively. During each period the experimental group was fed Lichens extract(5.5 mg of dry wt/ml) instead of water given to the control group. For both acute and chronic liver damage, the experimental group showed higher oxidative activity of hepatic mitochondria measured by state 3 respiration, P/O ratio, respiratory control and ATP synthesized, compard to the control group. Serum glucose was slightly higher in the experimental group but liver glycogen showed no significant difference between experimental and control groups. In experimental group, liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity was increased during first two days after acute liver damage, but not significantly different from control group during chronic damage. Liver lactate, malate plus fumarte and glutamate tended to be higher in the experimental group, especially for chronic liver damaged rat. It is concluded that Lichens extract stimulate cytoplasmic and mitochondrial oxidative activities and the possible mechanism of the latter is supposed to involve the preservation of membrane integrity by certain component(s) of water-soluble Lichens extract.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.30-35
• /
• 1996

Poly(l-lactic acid)(PLLA) microspheres loaded with ampicillin sodium (AMP-Na_, .betha.-lactam antibiotic, were prepared by a w/o/w multiple emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The amounts of each component in three phases (inner water phase, organic phase, and outer water phase) wre carefully examined in the preparation of PLLA microspheres. The stirring rate, another preparation parameter, was also investigated for study on the effect of mechanical stress on the drug loading and morphology of PLLA microspheres. Most of the preparation parameters had a great influence on the drug loading, surface morphology and size distribution of PLLA microspheres. PLLA microspheres with 15.89 w/w% drug loading were subjected to the in vitro release experimet. The release of ampicillin sodium was constant at a rate of 1.68 $mug/ml/day$ per 1 mg of microspheres for 18 days initial burst effect.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.9
• /
• pp.35-39
• /
• 1968

Addition of one percent cucumber, as a Kimchi component, showed the stimulation of lactic acid fermentation, by reducing the lagphase, and resulted the early matured Kimchi. Alcohol-soluble fraction from cucumber serum accerelated the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum, p-1, p-2 newly isolated strains from cucumber pickle, but had no effect on the growth rate of Streptococus faecalis. The growth promoting activity was inactivated by dialysis against water and heat treatment at $120^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes. Softness of cucumber tissues enables to extract easily out a substance, which is thought one of the important factors for the stimulation of me growth of Lactic acid bacteria.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.61-71
• /
• 2010

Intensive measurements of airborne respirable $PM_{2.5}$ and inhalable $PM_{2.5}$ were conducted in the downtown area of Iksan city. The $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected twice a day in the Iksan city of Korea from October 17 to November 1, 2004. The purpose of the study was to determine the inorganic water-soluble components and trace elements of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in the atmospheric environment and estimate the contribution rate of major chemical components from a mass balance of all measured particulate species. The chemical analysis for PM samples was conducted for water-soluble inorganic ions using ion chromatography and trace elements using PIXE analysis. The mean concentrations of respirable $PM_{2.5}$ and inhalable $PM_{2.5}$ were $51.4{\pm}29.7$ and $79.5{\pm}39.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the ratio was 0.62. The ion species of $NO_3$, $SO_4^2$, and $NH_4^+$ were abundant in both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. These components predominated in respirable $PM_{2.5}$ fraction, while $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ mostly existed in coarse particle mode. Elemental components of S, Cl, K, and Si were abundant in both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. These elements, except for Si, were considered to be emitted from anthropogenic sources, while Si, Al, Fe, Ca existed mainly in coarse particle mode and were considered to be emitted from crustal materials. The averaged mass balance analysis showed that ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, crustal component, and other trace elements were composed of 18.4%, 13.2%, 4.8%, 3.5% for PM2.5 and 17.0%, 11.6%, 13.7%, 4.4% for $PM_{2.5}$, respectively.