• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.1007-1016
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• 2016

Environmental policy implementation has been strengthened to protect the source waters in Korea and to improve their water quality. Increasing of non-point source caused water quality problem continuously. Research on runoff from forests, which occupy over 65% of the land in korea, is insufficient, and studies on the characteristics and influences of storm runoff are necessary. In this study, we chose to compare the effects of land use in the form of two types of forest distribution and then gathered data on storm characteristics and runoff properties during rainfall events in these areas. Furthermore, the significance and influences of the discharges were analyzed through correlation analysis, and multilateral runoff characteristics were examined by deducing a formula through $COD_{Mn}$ and TOC regression analysis. At two forest points, for which the basin areas differed from each other, flow changed according to storm quantity and intensity. The peak discharge at point A, where the basin area was big, was high, whereas water-quality fundamental items (BOD, $COD_{Mn}$, and SS) and TOC density were high at point B where the slope and storm intensity were high. Effects of dissolved organic matter were determined through correlation analysis, and the regression formulas for $COD_{Mn}$ and TOC were deduced by regression analysis. It is expected that the data from this study could be useful as basic information in establishing forest management measures.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 마코프 연쇄에 근거하여 지점간 공간상관을 적절히 고려할 수 있는 일강우의 다지점 모의 발생 방법을 제안하였다. 유역 내 여러 지점 대표지점을 선정하여 강우의 발생의 간단한 1차 마코프 연쇄에 의해 모의되도록 하였고 강우강도는 과거자료에서 무작위하게 추출하는 방법을 적용하였다. 지점간 공간상관은 모든 지점에 대해 강우강도가 대표지점과 같은 시점의 것이 일관되게 선택되도록 함으로서 그대로 유지시킬수 있었다. 모의된 일강우자료는 평균, 분산이나 평균 무강우일수, 강우일수 등의 강우 특성은 잘 재현함을 알 수 있었으나, 원자료의 군집특성(시간축에서의)은 상대적으로 약화되어 1일 지체 상관계수가 원자료의 경우보다 작게 나타나고 있으며 아울러 평균 강우지속일수 및 무강우지속일수, 강우-강우 확률 및 무강우-무강우 확률이 원자료의 그것보다 약간 작게 나타남을 파악할 수 있었다. 그러나 이러한 단점은 유역을 대표할 수 있는 지점을 적절히 선택함으로서 또한 대표지점에 대한 강우발생의 상태를 무강우-강우에서 좀더 세분화함으로서 어느 정도 보완할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.183-197
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• 2006

Combinations of visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands in an image are widely used for estimating vegetation vigor and productivity. Using this approach to understand within-field grain crop variability could allow pre-harvest estimates of yield, and might enable mapping of yield variations without use of a combine yield monitor. The objective of this study was to estimate within-field variations in crop yield using vegetation indices derived from hyperspectral images. Hyperspectral images were acquired using an aerial sensor on multiple dates during the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons for corn and soybean fields in central Missouri. Vegetation indices, including intensity normalized red (NR), intensity normalized green (NG), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green NDVI (gNDVI), and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), were derived from the images using wavelengths from 440 nm to 850 nm, with bands selected using an iterative procedure. Accuracy of yield estimation models based on these vegetation indices was assessed by comparison with combine yield monitor data. In 2003, late-season NG provided the best estimation of both corn $(r^2\;=\;0.632)$ and soybean $(r^2\;=\;0.467)$ yields. Stepwise multiple linear regression using multiple hyperspectral bands was also used to estimate yield, and explained similar amounts of yield variation. Corn yield variability was better modeled than was soybean yield variability. Remote sensing was better able to estimate yields in the 2003 season when crop growth was limited by water availability, especially on drought-prone portions of the fields. In 2004, when timely rains during the growing season provided adequate moisture across entire fields and yield variability was less, remote sensing estimates of yield were much poorer $(r^2<0.3)$.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2016

In the water purification plant, the mixture of water and chemical from the mixing basin enters the flocculation basin. The rotating flocculators are generally used for the efficient flocculation of dregs. In this paper, the performance of flocculators of a vertical paddle type, widely used in the typical flocculation basins, and a hydro-foil type, recently disseminated in the field, are compared with each other by use of the numerical method. Also the characteristics and the efficiency are analyzed with CFD techniques. The strain rate and the eddy viscosity are compared for two types to predict the mixing efficiency, and the maximum speed and its location are pursued from the computed data. The hydrofoil type shows that the eddy viscosity is enhanced 1.66 to 3.03 times larger than that of vertical paddle type, and also produced 1.87 to 1.95 times larger flocs for each stage. However, the rapid rotation of hydrofoil may chop the floc to small size due to the higher turbulence intensity. From the result of computation, the strong and weak points of each type have been analyzed for the decision making.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.577-586
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 모형의 구조가 상대적으로 간단한 구형펄스모형을 이용하여 I-D-F 곡선을 유도할 수 있는 이론적 방법론을 제시하였다. 강우모형의 구조를 고려하여 유도되는 I-D-F 곡선은 관측 강우의 1차원 및 2타원 통계 특성을 이용하여 추정된 매개변수에 의해 그 형태가 결정되므로 년최대치계열을 이용하여 추정하는 1-D-F 곡선에 비해 비정상적인 강우사상에 상대적으로 덜 민감하게 된다. 본 연구는 서울 및 인천지점에 적용되었으며 이때. 유도 된 I-D-F 곡선은 년최대치계열을 이용하여 유도된 I-D-F 곡선과 비교함으로서 그 적용성을 판단해 보았다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다: (1) 지속기간이 길어짐에 따라 중첩확률은 아주 크게 증가한다. 그러나, 중첩에 따른 강우강도의 증가정도는 지속기간이 증가함에 따라 완만하게 감소하는 추세를 나타내고 있다. (2) 중첩을 고려하는 경우, 특히 지속기간 및 재현기간이 긴 경우에, 강우강도의 증가가 두드러짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 깅 우강도의 계산 시 추정된 중첩확률과 재현기간을 함께 고려함으로 생기는 당연한 결과이다. 아울러, 서울과 인천지점의 비교에서는 서울지점의 경우가 중첩의 효과가 더욱 크게 나타나고 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이는 추정된 중첩확률의 차이, 보다 궁극적으로는 구형펄스모형의 매개변수의 차이로 설명될 수 있다. (3) 본 연구에서 사용한 구형펄스 모형은 강우의 군집특성을 고려하지 못함으로 유도된 I-D-F 곡선도 전체적으로 년최대치를 이용한 I-D-F 곡선에 비해 작은 강우강도를 나타내었었다. 그러나 각 곡선의 전체적인 형태는 유사함을 확인할 수 있었으며 강우의 군집특성을 고려하는 강우모형을 사용할 경우 보다 나은 결과를 유도할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.79-88
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• 1986

Drought occurs most frequently and severely around transplanting season of the rice plants in Korea. Shortage of water due to drought for the paddy fields often delays transplanting, and less often the rice plants are subjected to water stress after delayed transplanting. The present study aimed at quantification of the rice crop loss due to delayed transplanting, different inten3ity of water stress, and the combined effect of delay in transplanting followed by water stress for better use of limited water for irrigation under drought. The rice variety Chucheong, a japonica, and Nampung, an indica x japonica, were grown, transplanted to 1/200 a plastic pots, and subjected to different timing of transplanting and degree of water stress under a rainfall autosersing, sliding clear plastic roof facility with completely randomized arrangement of 5 replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1.Twelve days or 22 days delay in transplanting without water stress reduced rice yield by 25% and 43% in the japonica variety, and by 15% and 60% in the indica x japonica variety. 2.The 10 days or 20 days water stress developed without irrigation after drainage in the rice plants transplanted at proper time lowered the water potential at the paddy soil 10cm deep to -4 bar, and -12 bar and caused rice yield reduction by 14%, and 45% in the japonica variety and by 8%, and 50% in the indica X japonica variety. 3.The 12 days delay in transplanting and 10 days or 20 days water stress reduced rice yield by 39% and 59% in the japonica variety, and by 38% and 52% in the indica x japonica variety. The 22 days delay in transplanting plus 10 days water stress caused yield reduction by 76%, i.e. meaningless yield, in both varieties. 4.The intermittent irrigation just to wet the soil body for 10 days after 10 days water stress without irrigation increased rece yield by 12 to 16% compared to the rice plants water stessed without irrigation continuously for 20 days in both varieties respectively. 5.The above results suggest strongly 1) to transplant the rice plants at proper .time even with some water stress rather than delay for sufficient water from later rainfall, and 2) to distribute insufficient irrigation water to broader area of transplanted rice with limited irrigation for better use of limited irrigation water. A greater sensitivity of japonica variety to a moderate water stress than the indica X japonica variety during initial rooting and tillering stage was noticed. To cope with frequent drought in rice culture, firstly the lasting time of transplanting without yield reduction should be clarified by region and variety, and secondly a scheme of rational distribution of limited water should be developed by region with better knowledge on the varietal distribution of limited water should be developed by region with better knowledge on the varietal responses to varying intensity of water stress.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.301-310
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• 2024

강수의 공간적·시간적 불균형이 물관리를 어렵게 하고 있다. 기후변화로 인해 강수의 불균형이 심화되고, 가뭄과 홍수가 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 또한 가뭄과 홍수의 강도가 심화되어 기존의 물관리 시스템을 어렵게 만들고 있다. 2022년 6월부터 2023년 6월까지 영섬유역의 주요 수자원시설 저수율이 대부분 30% 이하였으며 유역 내 가장 용수 의존도가 높은 주암댐의 경우에 역대 최저 저수율인 20.3%까지 하락하였고 평림댐은 2023년 5월 4일 최저 저수율 27.3%를 기록하였다. 평림댐은 2022년 봄부터 강수량 부족으로 2022년 6월 19일 가뭄 관심 단계가 발령되었고 연이어 7월 2일 가뭄 주의 단계, 8월 21일 가뭄 심각 단계에 진입하였다. 수양제와 연계 운영이 가능한 평림댐은 관리기관이 다르다. 그럼에도 불구하고 가뭄 상황에서 유기적 연계 운영을 통해 평림댐에서 저수위에 도달하지 않고 3개군 급수인구 63,000명에게 안정적으로 용수를 공급할 수 있었다. 한정된 수자원 활용을 극대화할 수 있도록 유역간, 수원간 물이동을 원활하게 이동 가능 방안을 검토하여 수요자 중심의 물공급 시스템을 갖추어 기후변화로 인한 물부족 상황에 대비해야 한다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.92-97
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• 2005

1. 상엽의 기공증산속도는 광도가 증가함에 따라 계속적인 증가를 나타냈지만, 중엽과 하엽은 광도 약 $100{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$ 이상에서 기공증산의 포화가 나타났다. 포화광도 $1,200{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$)에서 기공증산은 상엽($1.29mmol\;H_2O\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$) > 중엽($0.56mmol\;H_2O\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$) > 하엽($0.31mmol\;H_2O\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$)순위였다. 2. 엽의 수분이용효율은 광도 $600{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$ 까지 빠르게 증가하다가 그 이상의 광도에서는 감소한 반면, 중엽과 하엽은 광도 $400{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$ 까지는 증가하였지만 그 이상의 광도에서는 증가를 보이지 않았다. 3. 엽의 광도증가에 따른 수증기압결핍은 직선적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.848-854
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• 2011

The objective of this research was to experimentally test the effect of rice straw mats on the reduction of runoff, sediment and discharge under a laboratory scale with different rainfall intensity and slopes. We used the small runoff plots of $1m{\times}1m{\times}0.65m$ ($L{\times}W{\times}H$) in size were filled with loamy sand. Experimental treatments were bare (control), rice straw mats + PAM(SP), rice straw mats + PAM + sawdust(SPS) and rice straw mats + PAM + rice husks(SPR); slope of 10% or 20%; and rainfall intensity of 30 or 60 mm/hr. Runoff volume and coefficient from covered plots were significantly lower than those from control plots. Under the 30 mm/hr and 10% simulations, average runoff coefficient of covered plots decreased more than 92%. Under 60 mm/hr and 20% simulations, the ratios were between 39.8~58.1%. Under the condition of 30 mm/hr rainfall and 10% slope, sediment discharge from covered plots was practically zero. And at 20% plots, sediment reduction ratio was more than 95%. Under the condition of 60 mm/hr rainfall, sediment reduction ratio of 10 and 20% plots ranged between 86.3~95.3% and between 79.8~86.5%, respectively. The differences in initial runoff time, runoff and sediment discharge among different cover materials were not significant. Rainfall intensity showed higher impact on initial runoff time, runoff, and sediment discharge than slope. It was also shown that even if runoff reduction by surface cover were low, sediment discharge reduction could be very significant and contribute to improve the water quality of streams in sloping agricultural regions. It was concluded that the use of straw mat and PAM on sloping agricultural fields could reduce soil erosion and muddy runoff significantly and help improve the water quality and aquatic ecosystem in receiving waters.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가시화정보학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.86-89
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• 2004

One most feasible way to measure the concentration field in the micro-channel is using micro-LIF(Laser Induced Fluorescence) method. However, an accurate concentration field at a given cross plane in a micro-channel has not been successfully achieved so far due to various limitations in the light illumination and fluorescence signal detection. The present study demonstrates a novel method to provide an ultra thin laser sheet beam having five(5) microns thickness by use of a micro focus laser line generator. The laser sheet beam illuminates an exact plane of concentration measurement field to increase the signal to noise ratio and considerably reduce the depth uncertainty. Nile Blue A was used as fluorescent dye for the present LIF measurement. The enhancement of the fluorescent intensity signals was performed by a solvent mixture of water $(95\%)$ and ethanol (EtOH)/methanol (MeOH) $(5\%)$ mixture. To reduce the rms errors resulted from the CCD electronic noise and other sources, an expansion of grid size was attempted from $1\times1$ to 3(3 or 5(5 pixel data windows and the pertinent signal-to-noise level has been noticeably increased accordingly.