• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.366-369
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• 2007

In this study, the feasibility of reusing the eluent was confirmed by monitoring its specific gravity during the chromatographic purification of paclitaxel from plant cell cultures. The specific gravity of the eluent (methanol/water = 70/30, v/v) was measured prior to its elution through the hydrophobic resin column. The measurement showed a specific gravity of 0.853. The discharged eluent from the column outlet was first evaporated under vacuum pressure. The evaporated eluent was collected and condensed into a liquid eluent again, followed by the HPLC analysis in order to check the presence of any trace of impurity. Even if the specific gravity of the liquid eluent is varied from 0.853 as a result of the evaporation and condensation, the eluent can still be reused after it specific gravity is adjusted by the addition of methanol or water. The reuse of the eluent resulted in the paclitaxel yield of 86% with a purity of 95% which were closely similar to those of before the eluent reuse. These results indicate that the strategy of reusing the eluent on the basis of the specific gravity analysis was successfully implemented in this study.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2006

Phragmites australis (reed) has received much attention as being one of the principle emergent aquatic plants for treating industrial and civil wastewater. Plant regeneration via plant tissue culture in p. australis was investigated. Three types of callus were identified from seeds on N6 medium plus 4.5 UM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Yellow compact type showed the best redifferentiation, whereas white compact type and yellow friable were not competent to differentiate into plane. Solid medium culture was better than liquid suspension culture for enhancing callus growth when N6 medium supplemented with 4.5 ${\mu}M$ 2,4-D was used. Phytagel, as a gelling agent, was superior to agar in plant regeneration on N6 medium, supplemented with 9.4 ${\mu}M$ kinetin and 0.54 ${\mu}M$ $\alpha$-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Transfer of the plantlets regenerated from kinetin and NAA-supplemented N6 medium to growth regulator-free MS medium enhanced the further development of the plantlets. Plantlets on subsequently grown to maturity when tansferred to potting soil. The regenerated plants exhibited morphologically normal. The system for plant regeneration of P. australis enables to propagate elite lines on a large scale for water purification in the ecosystem

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 2007

This study was carried out to examine effect of post-chlorine dosage reduction by ozonation and GAC process in the field plant for 3years in the "G" water purification plant in Seoul. And it is to compare GAC with BAC process in removal effects of TOC, THMs, THMFP, $UV_{254}$. As a result, chlorine dosage of ozonation and GAC(=BAC) is less demand than GAC. Seasonal reduction of chlorine demand is from about 37% to 59% with BAC, and from 24 to 46% with GAC. Higher reduction in BAC could be achieved. The efficiency of chlorine demand reduction with ozonation was depending on the organic carbon removal. $UV_{254}$ concentration is less about 0.13~0.74L/mg.m in BAC than GAC. Therefore, the combination of ozonation and GAC was more effective in reducing post-chlorine than the single GAC. TOC was also monitored, and results show that a linear relationship between TOC and chlorine demand is appropriate under each treatment process. It means that removal of organic matter(TOC) from finished water is necessary to reduce post-chlorine dosage in clear well and to minimize order of chlorine in distribution systems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1993

Constant rate permeat experiments using polyethylene hollow fiber membranes were conducted in order to treat dam water for potable purposes. The experiments consisted of two series. One series consisted of six bench scale apparatuses, each having a $0.4m^2$ nominal permeat area, which were applied in determining the optimum operating conditions. The other series was comprised of two pilot scale plant, each having a $40m^2$ nominal permeat area. Both series were operated for six months. Coagulant was not used in any of the experiments. To suppress an increase in differential pressure between the inlet and outlet of the membrane, a hydrophilic membrane was found to be better than a hydrophobic membrane. Also, permeat flux should not be more than 0.03m/h, and air bubbling-washing for 1 minute should be conducted at 180 minutes intervals or less.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.286-294
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• 2020

The Chironomus(Diptera: Chironomidae) is a freshwater benthic invertebrate that is an important indicator organism used for environmental pollution and water quality monitoring. In this study, we performed morphological classification and genetic species identification using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene on mitochondrial DNA for an accurate species classification of Chironomus larvae found in tap water purification plants in Incheon, Korea. Twenty larvae in six water purification plants consist of four species, including twelve Chironomus kiiensis, six Chironomus flaviplumus, one Chironomus dorsalis, and one Polypedilum yongsanensis (not included Genus Chironomus). Morphological characteristics of each larvae were identified based on the head capsule, the mentum, the mandible, the antenna, and the claw. Based on the COI sequences of 21 individuals of 17 Chironomus species registered in NCBI Genbank, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 20 individuals investigated in this study consist of the same clade with corresponding species of the high homology (99~100%) including C. kiiensis, C. flaviplumus, C. dorsalis, and P. yongsanensis. These results will be used as main classification indicator for monitoring freshwater ecosystems by providing integrated morphological and genetic information for the species identification of Korean Chironomus.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.267-274
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• 2022

This paper is a result of research conducted on the 800,000 m³/d capacity of A Water Treatment Plant (WTP) and 400,000 m³/d capacity of B WTP plant in operation in the Nakdong River region. We evaluated the effect of algae broom on the WTP operation based on the running data of both WTP and the data on the pre-oxidation process field test for algae control using sodium permanganate (SPM) at the B WTP. The study results showed that during the algal bloom period, the coagulant dose increased by 102% in A WTP and 58% in B WTP, respectively, and the chlorine dose also increased by 38% and 29%, respectively, which may affect Total trihalomethane (THM) production. Data such as algal populations and Chl-a, residual chlorine and THM, algal populations, and ozone dose appeared also highly correlated, confirming that algal broom affects WTP operations, including water quality and chemical dosage. As a result of the field test of B WTP, THMs appeared lower than that of the control, suggesting the possibility of the SPM pre-oxidation process as an alternative to algae-related water quality management. Furthermore, in terms of GHG emissions due to energy consumption, it was observed that the pre-oxidation process using SPM was approximately 10.8%, which is a very low ratio compared to the pre-ozonation process. Therefore, these results suggest that the SPM pre-oxidation process can be recommended as an alternative to low-carbon water purification technology.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.503-514
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• 2015

In this study, water purification system without coagulant was consisted of F/A and membrane to produce purified water which only uses physical treatment without coagulant. Because the use of coagulant has a possibility remaining of hazardous aluminum with our health. Especially, the Filtralite was reviewed the possibility to remove turbidity and organic material. It was found that the turbidity removal rate of Filtralite was 83~84%. It show that Filtralite has similar efficiency to sand-filter. But Filtralite has higher 50% removal rate of organic material than sand-filter due to well-developed pore on the surface of it. So, Filtralite could be used to substitute the sand-filter for the F/A process due to higher removal rate. And also coupled with activated carbon in F/A process, TMP was increased by TOC value. To prevent increasing TMP, media that has outstanding organic adsorption ability should be used.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 2006

Biological enhanced treatment and send filtration are established being operated to remove nutrients and MBAS(Methylene Blue Activate Substance) in the most of Waste Water Treatment Plant(WWTP) in Korea. However, untreated synthetic detergents and nutrients which directly run into the water system present an unpleasant view because of the foam, taste and odor generating filamentous periphytic algae and interrupting self-purification in the stream. Therefore, this research was enforced to know the MBAS removal efficiency of the sand filtration about G WWTP which reuses effluent as urban stream management water. As a result, the maximum removal efficiency using sand filtration was 63% after 24 hours and particularly 30% after 2 or 4 hours which turned out to be not that effective. In conclusion, It is recognized that other methods of MBAS removal and a research will be needed which reuse effluent as urban stream management water from now on. Because the MBAS removal with sand filtration is insufficient with economical efficiency from the fact that it needs long hours for a sand filtration treatment and the removal efficiency was almost below the expectation.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.2 s.94
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• pp.126-132
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• 2001

Urbanization and population increase result in the construction of STPs (Sewage Treatment Plants). Discharge from STPs greatly influences on the water quality in the stream which receives discharges. The decision of STP location should be considered with the discharge capacity of STP and self-purification of river in the water quality perspectively. In this study, a change of dissolved oxygen (DO) in a river being affected by STP discharge was simulated by the STELLA model. Minimum DO was 4.98 ppm in 42.6 km downstream of STP. Approximately, it takes 8days to recover the DO by the self-purification and this location is 340 km down-stream from the STP. If the model run for the consideration of the self-purification without phytoplankton algorithms, minimum DO was 4.92 ppm. It took 0.25 day longer to be the minimum DO than that with the phytoplankton functions. Without the phytoplankton algorithm, it took 11days to recover the DO. This proves the importance of phytoplankton in the self-purification processes. Additionally, the effect of adjacent STP discharge should be considered in the construction of new STP.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 1981

This survey was carried out to investigate the temperature, pH value, nitrogen (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate), turbidity, color, chloride ion, $KMnO_4$ consumed, and hardness as chemical analysis of the tap water in Seoul city area during the period from September to Octobor, 1979, and to observe the differences among the values by the distance from the water purification plant and by the district supplied tap water from-the each water purification plant. The results obtained were as follows: 1) An average of the water temperature was $19.8\pm 0.2\circ$C. 2) An average of pH was $7.18\pm 0.02$. The difference among each district was statistically significant (p<0.01), but it was not observed among each distance. 3) An average of turbidity was $1.25\pm 0.12$ ppm. The difference among each district was highly significant (p<0.01), respectively, but not among each distance. 4) An average of color was $1.43\pm 0.16$ ppm, and there were statistically significant differences by the distance and by the district (p<0.01). 5) An average of ammonia nitrogen was $0.022\pm 0.005$ ppm. The differences among each distance, and district were statistically significant (P<0.01). 6) An average of nitrite nitrogen was $0.0050\pm 0.0013$ ppm, and the difference among each distance was highly significant (p<0.01), respectively, and each district showed statistical significance (p<0.01). 7) An average of nitrate nitrogen was $0.82\pm 0.08$ ppm. The difference among each district was significant (p<0.05), and each distance showed high significance (p<0.01). 8) An average of $KMnO_4$ consumed was $3.73\pm 0.16$ ppm, and the difference among each district was significant (p<0.05), but it was not observed among each distance. 9) An average of chloride ion was $8.56\pm 0.28$ ppm, and the difference among each district was higly significant (p<0.01), respectively, but it was not observed among each distance. 10) An average of hardness was $40.69\pm 1.17$ ppm, and there was statistically significant difference by each district (P<0.01), but not by distance. 11) The interrelation between temperature and pH of the tap water revealed the negative correlation from the coefficient of it as showed r=-0.6073 and p<0.01. 12) Except water temperature, there were negative correlationships between pH and other water qualities. 13) Correlation coefficients of $KMnO_4$ comsumed and ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen were statistically significant but that of $KMnO_4$ consumed and nitrate nitrogen showed no statistical correlationship. 14) Ammonia nitrogen seems to have high correlationship with nitrite nitrogen(r= +0.6669), but not with nitrate nitrogen. 15) Nitrate nitrogen seems to have statistically significant correlationship with nitrite nitrogen (r=+0.4959), but not with ammonia nitrogen. 16) The interrelation between chloride ion and hardness of the tap water revealed positive correlation from the coefficient of it as showed as r=+0.4888 and p<0.01.