• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.162.1-162.1
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• 2015

The use of plasma has increased in bio-application field in recent years. Particularly, water treated by arc discharge or atmospheric pressure plasma has been actively utilized in bio-industry. In this study, we have developed a plasma activated water generating system. For this system, two kinds of plasma sources; dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and arc discharge plasma have been used. The discharge energy was calculated using the breakdown voltage and current, and the emission spectrum was measured to investigate the generated reactive species. We also analyzed the amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in water using the chemical methods and nitric oxide sensor. Finally, the influence of plasma generated reactive species on the germination and growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was investigated. Spinach is a green leafy vegetable that contains a large amount of various physiologically active organic compounds. However, it is characterized with a low seed germination rate.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.255-277
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• 1998

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Yukmijiwangtang(六味地黃湯) and Palmijihwang-tang(八味地黃湯) water extracts applied at the meridian points BL 23(賢兪) and GV 4(命門) to test the renal function in normal rats. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Among the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Yukmijihwangtang water extract at the merdian point BL 23 group, there were significant changes in water balance and urine volume over a 1 week period; Both decreasing and decreasing trends were exihibited. Urinary excretion of sodium and free water clearance changed significantly over a 2 week period; Both decreasing and increasing trends were exihibited, Urinary excretion of potassium, chloride and creatinine, plasma renin activity, plasma levels of aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide showed no significant differences compared to the contral group. 2. Among the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Palmljihwangtang water extract at the merdian point BL 23 group, there were significant changes in water balance and free water clearance over a 2 week period; a decreasing trend. Urinary excretion of creatinine changed significantly over a 2 week period; an increasing trend. Urinary excretion of chloride changed significantly over 1 week period; an increasing trend. The plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide changed significantly over 1 and 2 week period; an increasing trend. Urine volume, urinary excretion of sodium and pottasium, plasma renin activity and plasma level of aldosterone showed no significant differences compared to the control group. 3. Among the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Yukmijihwangtang water extract at the meridian point GV 4 group, there was significant decrease in water balance over a 2 week period; there was significant decrease in urine volwne and urinary excretion of sodium and creatinine over a 1 week period, followed by an increasing trend after 2 weeks. Urinary excretion of free water clearance demonstrated significant changes over both 1 and 2 week period; both increasing and decreasing trends were exihibited. Urinary excretion of chloride and plasma levels of aldosterone increased significantly over 1 and 2 week period. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide also decreased significantly. Plasma renin activity showed no significant differences compared to the control group. 4. Among the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Palmijihwangtang water extract at the meridian point GV 4 group, water balance and urinary excretion of chloride, plasma levels of aldosterone decreased significantly over both 1 and 2 week period. Urine volume and urinary excretion of pottasium decreased significantly. Urinary excretion of creatinine and urinary excretion of sodium changed significantly over both 1 and 2 week period. Urinary excretion of free water clearance, plasma renin activity and plasma level of atrial natriuretic peptide showed no significant differences compared to the control group. Seeing these results, I come to know that the effects Aqua-Acupuncture of Yukmijihwangtang and Palmijihwangtang water extracts at the meridian point BL 23 and GV 4 have affected the renal function differently. Seeing the results that BL 23 is a meridian point for Aqua-Acupuncture directly related to the kidney, I think, we can use Aqua-Acupuncture of Yuk-mijihwangtang and Palmijihwangtang water extracts to prevent and to treat the diseases related to kidney.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2020

Fish culture is constantly threatened by various infectious diseases which are largely transmitted by water. Plasma technology is being used to sterilize polluted water in many industries. In this study, two bacterial pathogens Aeromonas salmonicida and Streptococcus iniae, and a virus (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, VHSV) were subjected to plasma water that was produced by a corona discharge system. Growth of A. salmonicida was greatly inhibited from 10^5.61 CFU/ml in positive control to 10^3.51 CFU/ml in treated group by only 60 sec contact with plasma water. Similarly, S. iniae was inhibited from 10^5.85 CFU/ml to 10^3.40 CFU/ml. VHSV titer also decreased from 10^4.1 TCID₅₀/ml to 10^1.45 TCID₅₀/ml by the same treatment. Activation of water by the plasma was confirmed by the existence of ozone in the plasma water. These results suggest that plasma water could efficiently disinfect fish pathogens, possibly by the action of reactive oxygen species contained in the plasma water.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2007

It has been reported that the surface properties of the plasma treated material were changed while maintaining its bulk properties. In this study, surface modification of nylon fiber by plasma treatment was tried to attain high water-repellency Nylon fiber was treated with RF plasma under a vacuum system using various parameters such as gas specious, processing time and processing power. Morphological changes by low pressure plasma treatment were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Moreover, the mechanical and inherent properties were analyzed by tensile strength, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The high water-repellency property of nylon fiber was evaluated by a water-drop standard test under various conditions in terms of aging effect. The results showed that the water-repellency of plasma-surface-treated nylon fiber was greatly improved compared to untreated nylon fiber.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.198.2-198.2
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• 2016

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can be generated by using non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet which have profound biomedical applications [1, 2]. In this work, reactive oxygen species like hydroxyl radical (OH) are generated by using non-thermal direct plasma jet above water surface using Ar gas and their properties have been studied using ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. OH radicals are found to be generated simultaneously with the discharge current with concentration of $2.7{\times}1015/cm3$ at 7mm above water surface while their persistence time have been measured to be $2.8{\mu}S$. In addition, it has been shown that plasma initiated ultraviolets play a major role to generate RONS inside water. Further works are going on to measure the temporal behavior of OH and $O2^*-$.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2005

PP hollow fiber membrane was hydrophilized by EVOH dip coating followed by low temperature plasma treatment and UV irradiation. EVOH coating attained high water flux without any prewetting but its stability did not guaranteed at high water permeation rate. At high water permeation rate, water flux declined gradually due to swelling and delamination of the EVOH coating layer causing pore blocking effect. However, plasma treatment reduces the swelling, which suppress delamination of the EVOH coating layer from PP support result in relieving the flux decline. Also, UV irradiation helped the crosslinking of the EVOH coating layer to enhance the performance at low water permeation rate. FT-IR and ESCA analyses reveal that EVOH dip coating performed homogeneously through not only membrane surface but also matrix. Thermogram of EVOH film modified plasma treatment and W irradiation show that crosslinking density of EVOH layer increased. Chemical modification by plasma treatment and UV irradiation stabilized the hydrophilic coating layer to increase the critical flux of the submerged membrane.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 2013

Objectives: For the practical application of the dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor, a plasma reactor able to manage large volumes of water is needed. This study investigated the possibility of the practical application of a multi-plasma reactor which is a scaled-up version of a single plasma reactor. Methods: The multi-plasma reactor consists of several high-voltage transformers and plasma modules (discharge, ground electrodes and quartz dielectric tubes). The effects of water characteristics such as voltage (30-120 V), air flow rate (1-5 l/min), number of high-voltage transformers and plasma modules, and water quality on Escherichia coli (E. coli) disinfection and decrease of COD and $UV_{254}$ absorbance were investigated. Results: The experimental results showed that at a voltage of over 80 V, most of the E. coli were disinfected within 90 seconds. E. coli inactivation was not affected by the air flow rate. E. coli disinfection in the multiplasma process showed the traditional log-linear form of the disinfection curve. E. coli inactivation performance by transformer 3-Reactor 5 and transformer 3-Reactor 3 were similar. The disinfection performance of the UV process was affected by artificial sewage water. However, the plasma process was less affected by the artificial sewage within the standards for effluent water quality. Conclusions: Disinfection performance with several low voltages and plasma modules of three to five in number applied to the plasma process was higher than that concentrating a small amount of high voltage through a single plasma reactor. Removal of COD, $UV_{254}$ absorbance, and E. coli disinfection with the plasma process were better than with the UV process.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.985-993
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• 2014

For the field application of dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor, a multi-plasma reactor was investigated for the inactivation of microorganisms in sewage. We also considered the possibility of degradation of non-biodegradable matter ($UV_{254}$) and total organic carbon (TOC) in sewage. The multi-plasma reactor in this study was divided into high voltage neon transformers, gas supply unit and three plasma modules (consist of discharge, ground electrode and quartz dielectric tube). The experimental results showed that the inactivation of microorganisms with treated water type ranked in the following order: distilled water > synthetic sewage effluent >> real sewage effluent. The dissolved various components in the real sewage effluent highly influenced the performance of the inactivation of microorganisms. After continuous plasma treatment for 10 min at 180 V, residual microorganisms appeared below 2 log and $UV_{254}$ absorbance (showing a non-biodegradable substance in water) and TOC removal rate were 27.5% and 8.5%, respectively. Therefore, when the sewage effluent is treated with plasma, it can be expected the inactivation of microorganisms and additional improvement of water quality. It was observed that the $NH_4{^+}$-N and $PO{_4}^{3-}$-P concentrations of sewage was kept at the constant plasma discharging for 30 min. On the other hand, $NO_3{^-}$-N concentration was increased with proceeding of the plasma discharge.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.329-335
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• 2008

Volatile organic compounds emitted to the atmosphere can cause adverse effects on human health and participate in photochemical smog formation reactions. The destruction of a series of VOCs has been carried out by non-thermal plasma in other researches. And the characteristic of non-thermal plasma was operated at atmospheric pressure and low temperature. A new type non-thermal plasma reactor was investigated combined Glidarc plasma with water jet in this research. Also, it was found that the water-jet had an significant effect on the toluene removal efficiency. But too much water content does not favor toluene decomposition by decreasing of reaction temperature. The input toluene concentration, gas flow rate, water flow rate and specific energy input were used as experiment variables. The toluene removal efficiency, energy efficiency and specific energy input were 75.3%, 146.6 g/kWh and $1.12kWh/m^3$ at a water flow rate of 100 mL/min.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.53-66
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• 1999

This study has been carried out to investigate the effects of Dojuksan on the renal functions and internal secretion system, as water balance, urine volume, urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, free water clearance, urinary excretion of creatinine, plasma levels of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), plasma levels of aldosterone and plasma renin activity, comparing experimental group which Dojuksan water extract were administrated with control group. Sprague-Dawley rats, about 200-250 g, were used for this experiment. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Water balance decreased significantly after the administration of Dojuksan water extract. 2. Urine volume increased significantly after the administration of $100{\mu}l$ Dojuksan water extract per 100g rat. 3. Urinary excretion of sodium increased significantly but urinary excretion of potassium did not change after the administration of Dojuksan water extract. 4. Free water clearance decreased significantly after the administration of Dojuksan water extract 5. Urinary excretion of creatinine increased significantly after the administration of Dojuksan water extract 6. Plasma renin activity did not change after the administration of Dojuksan water extract 7. Plasma levels of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) did not change after the administration of Dojuksan water extract 8. Plasma levels of aldosterone decreased significantly after the administration of 200 ${\mu}Dojuksan water extract per l00g rat The results suggest that Dojuksan increase the urinary excretion of sodium. and thus reduce the water balance, which resulted from suppression of sodium reabsorption into renal tubule by increasing glomerular filtration rate and decreasing aldosterone.